Table of Contents

Why Consider Opposing Viewpoints? 11

Introduction 14

Chapter 1 What Are Some Concerns Regarding the Testing of New Medicine?

Chapter Preface 18

1 Clinical Trials of New Medical Treatments Need to Be Conducted Globally Trudie Lang Sisira Siribaddana 20

2 Clinical Trials Are Conducted Overseas Without Adequate Oversight Donald L. Barlett James B. Steele 30

3 Volunteers Are Critical to Advancing Medicine Through Clinical Trials National Institutes of Health 43

4 Paying Human Research Subjects Raises Ethical Concerns Carl Elliott 53

5 Rodents Are Overused as Subjects in Medical Research Daniel Engber 65

Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 76

Chapter 2 How Should Medical Testing on Humans and Animals Be Regulated?

Chapter Preface 78

1 Current Federal Oversight of Human Medical Testing Is Inadequate Jeanne Lenzer Shannon Brownlee 80

2 Current Federal Oversight of Human Medical Testing Could Use Refinement Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues 88

3 Clinical Research: Time for Sensible Global Guidelines Trudie Lang Phaik Yeong Cheah Nicholas J. White 97

4 Medical Testing on Animals Is Cruel and Unnecessary People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) 104

5 Medical Research Involving Animals Is Humane and Necessary Americans for Medical Progress 111

Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 118

Chapter 3 What Are Some Concerns About Diagnostic Medical Tests?

Chapter Preface 120

1 Evidence Fails to Support Routine Mammograms Starting at Age Forty John Crewdson 122

2 Women Should Receive Screening Mammograms Starting at Age Forty National Cancer Institute 130

3 Why the PSA Test Is DOA T.E. Holt 137

4 Researchers: PSA Test Saves Lives, Government Guidelines Are Wrong Nick Tate 149

5 Medical Boards Are Recommending That Doctors Cut Back on Medical Tests H. Gilbert Welch 154

6 Recommendations to Cut Back on Medical Tests Are Unfair Hal Scherz 159

Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 164

Chapter 4 What Are Some Concerns About Genetic Testing?

Chapter Preface 166

1 Genetic Testing for Incurable Diseases Poses Risks to Consumers and Families Gregory Pence 168

2 Consumers Do Not Need to Be Protected from Genetic Information Ronald Bailey 174

3 Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests and the Right to Know Ronni Sandroff 180

4 One Step Closer to Designer Babies: New Noninvasive Prenatal Genetic Testing Could Change Human Pregnancy Forever Marcy Darnovsky

5 Prenatal Genetic Testing Has Broad Support, Even with Increased Abortion William Saletan 192

6 Testing Ourselves: Researchers Simplify Prenatal Genetic Scans Charles A. Donovan 199

Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 203

For Further Discussion 204

Organizations to Contact 206

Bibliography of Books 211

Index 215