| Preface | xi |
| 1 | Illicit Trafficking: A Brief History | 1 |
| What Is Illicit Trafficking? | 2 |
| What Are the Roles of Organized Crime and Transnational Crime in Illicit Trafficking? | 4 |
| Does Immigration Foster Illicit Trafficking? | 5 |
| What Is the Relationship of the Volume of Illicit Trafficking to Globalization? | 7 |
| What Is the Relationship of the Growth of Global Finance to Illicit Trafficking? | 7 |
| How Do Worldwide Communication Technologies Affect Illicit Trafficking? | 8 |
| What Are the Defining Characteristics of Transnational Crime Groups? | 8 |
| What Are the Relationships among Governments, Social Structure, and Organized Crime? | 11 |
| Do Ethnic Conflicts and State Dissolution Facilitate Illicit Trafficking? | 13 |
| Do Political Instability and Military Conflict Contribute to Criminal Activities? | 14 |
| What Are the Trends among Transnational Crime Groups? | 15 |
| Can Law Enforcement Operate Effectively in a Global Environment? | 17 |
| Western Europe | 18 |
| Eastern and Central Europe | 20 |
| Russia, the Balkans, and the Newly Independent States | 21 |
| South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China | 23 |
| Japan | 25 |
| South America and Central America: Colombia and Mexico | 26 |
| United States | 27 |
| How Are Transnational Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking Related? | 37 |
| Summary | 38 |
| How Can States Deter and Contain Illicit Trafficking? | 39 |
| 2 | Problems, Controversies and Solutions | 47 |
| Transnational Crime Survey | 47 |
| Money Laundering: Structure and Characteristics | 48 |
| Types of Money Laundering | 53 |
| Controls and Law Enforcement Responses to Money Laundering | 54 |
| Drug Trafficking | 54 |
| Drug-Trafficking Impacts on Nation-State Stability | 56 |
| Economic and Social Consequences of Illicit Trafficking | 56 |
| Illicit Drug Production | 57 |
| Drug-Trafficking Networks | 57 |
| Drug Market Structure and the Trafficking Industry | 58 |
| Smuggling Nuclear Materials and Arms | 62 |
| Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) | 63 |
| Nuclear Theft and Smuggling: The Threat | 64 |
| The Impact of Change | 65 |
| Biological and Chemical Weapons | 66 |
| Law Enforcement and Control Efforts | 69 |
| Illicit Arms Trafficking | 70 |
| Dynamics of Arms Trafficking: The Cold War | 71 |
| Arms Trafficking in the Post-Cold War Era | 73 |
| Weapons "Supermarkets" and Conflict Zones | 73 |
| The Machinery of Arms Smuggling | 75 |
| The Gray Arms Market | 76 |
| Trafficking in Precious Stones | 78 |
| Trafficking in Human Body Parts | 78 |
| The Illicit Trade in Art and Cultural Objects | 82 |
| Theft of Intellectual Property | 83 |
| Organized Crime and IPR Crimes | 84 |
| Alien Smuggling: Trafficking in Human Beings | 84 |
| Female Migrants | 86 |
| General Observations: Looking Ahead | 89 |
| 3 | Chronology | 99 |
| 4 | Biographical Sketches | 109 |
| Monzar Al Kassar | 109 |
| Osama bin Laden | 110 |
| Victor Bout | 112 |
| Alphonse Capone | 114 |
| Pablo Emilio Gaviria Escobar | 117 |
| Helmer Herrera-Buitrago | 121 |
| Abdul Qadeer Khan | 122 |
| Khun Sa | 123 |
| Carlos Lehder-Rivas | 124 |
| "Little Pete," | 125 |
| Charles "Lucky" Luciano | 127 |
| Leonid Minin | 129 |
| Manuel Antonio Noriega | 130 |
| Jorge Luis Vasquez Ochoa | 133 |
| Benny Ong | 135 |
| Salvatore Riina | 136 |
| Tijuana Cartel | 139 |
| 5 | Statistics and Reference Documents | 141 |
| Trafficking in Human Beings | 141 |
| Characteristics of Traffickers and Their Victims | 142 |
| International Organization for Migration | 146 |
| Coalition against Trafficking in Women | 147 |
| U.S. Department of State | 151 |
| United Nations | 155 |
| Narcotics Trafficking | 158 |
| Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs | 158 |
| Office of National Drug Control Policy | 159 |
| Characteristics of Traffickers | 160 |
| United Nations | 162 |
| Trafficking in Small Arms and Light Weapons | 163 |
| Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement | 164 |
| United Nations | 167 |
| UN Institute for Disarmament Research | 168 |
| Small Arms Survey | 169 |
| Trafficking in Nuclear Materials | 170 |
| International Atomic Energy Agency | 170 |
| The Center for International Security and Cooperation | 172 |
| Nuclear Threat Initiatives | 174 |
| 6 | Agencies and Organizations | 177 |
| 7 | Print and Nonprint Resources | 191 |
| Print Resources | 191 |
| Books and Articles | 191 |
| Periodicals and Publications | 218 |
| Bibliographies | 222 |
| Nonprint Resources | 224 |
| Videos | 224 |
| 8 | Summary | 233 |
| Illicit Traficking-Trends and Issues | 233 |
| Post-Perestroika and the Rise of the Oligarchs: Examples of State Decay and Illicit Traficking Opportunities | 236 |
| Index | 243 |
| About the Authors | 259 |
