1916: A Novel of the Irish Rebellion

1916: A Novel of the Irish Rebellion

by Morgan Llywelyn
1916: A Novel of the Irish Rebellion

1916: A Novel of the Irish Rebellion

by Morgan Llywelyn

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Overview

First in the Irish Century historical fiction series, 1916: A Novel of the Irish Rebellion begins the saga of the Halloran family during Ireland's long struggle fror independence.

At age fifteen, Ned Halloran lost both of his parents--and almost his own life--when the Titanic sank. Determined to keep what little he has, he returns to his homeland of Ireland and enrolls at Saint Edna's school in Dublin. Saint Edna's headmaster is the renowned scholar and poet, Patrick Pearse--who is soon to gain greater fame as a rebel and patriot. Ned becomes deeply involved with the growing revolution . . . and the sacrifices it will demand.

Through Ned's eyes, Morgan Llywelyn's 1916 examines the Irish fight for freedom--inspired by poets and schoolteachers, fueled by a desperate desire for independence, and played out in the historic streets of Dublin against the background of World War I. It is a story of the brave men and heroic women who, for a few unforgettable days, managed to hold out against the might of the British Empire.

The Irish Century Novels
1916: A Novel of the Irish Rebellion
1921: The Great Novel of the Irish Civil War
1949: A Novel of the Irish Free State
1972: A Novel of Ireland's Unfinished Revolution
1999: A Novel of the Celtic Tiger and the Search for Peace


At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780312871406
Publisher: Tor Publishing Group
Publication date: 04/01/2010
Series: Irish Century , #1
Sold by: Macmillan
Format: eBook
Pages: 576
Sales rank: 164,837
File size: 2 MB

About the Author

About The Author

Since 1980 Morgan Llywelyn has created an entire body of work chronicling the Celts and Ireland, from the earliest times to the present day. Her critically acclaimed novels, both of history and of mythology, have been translated into many languages. She is an Irish citizen and lives in Dublin.


MORGAN LLYWELYN is the author of such highly praised historical novels as the New York Times bestselling Lion of Ireland, Bard, Brian Boru, Finn Mac Cool, Pride of Lions, and 1916. She is celebrated as the high priestess of Celtic historical fiction and has won numerous awards for her historical fiction. She lives near Dublin, Ireland.

Read an Excerpt

1916


By Morgan Llywelyn

Tom Doherty Associates

Copyright © 1998 Morgan Llywelyn
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-312-87140-6


CHAPTER 1

NED awoke with a start.

The atmosphere in the darkened cabin was warm and close, smelling of lavender wax and fresh linen. A goose down pillow cushioned his head; his pajamas were crisply ironed. But something was wrong.

That evening the dinner menu in the second-class dining saloon had included such exotic items as curried chicken and rice, roast turkey with cranberry sauce, cocoanut sandwich—and American ice cream! "Can I have a bite of everything?" he had asked hopefully. The waiter stifled a smile, but Mama frowned.

Ned was only fifteen years old, however, and this was the adventure of a lifetime, so at last she agreed. Mrs. Halloran could deny her children nothing.

By the time he returned to his cabin the boy was suffering from a stomachache. He undressed and crawled into bed without even washing his face in the basin, trusting a night's sleep to put matters right.

The last thing he remembered was a muffled throb like the beat of a giant heart lulling him into sleep ...

... until a jolt and a peculiar grinding noise startled him awake again.

He lay still for a few moments, disoriented. Then he sat up.

The whisper of breeze through the open porthole of his cabin had ceased, as had the rhythmic creaking of a ship in motion. Instead there was silence.

The muffled heartbeat had stopped.

Ned swung his legs over the side of the berth and groped on the floor with his bare feet, searching for his shoes—highly polished, store-bought shoes instead of his customary country brogans. At the same time his fingers reached for his woolen bathrobe, also new, lovingly sewn by his Aunt Norah and lined with red flannel from one of her old petticoats.

He had no intention of opening the cabin door until he was decently covered. Mama would be mortified.

Theresa Halloran continually worried about other people's opinions. Her guiding precept was not the strict morality of her Catholic faith but "What will the neighbors think?" When the tickets arrived she had found one pretext after another to call on every family she knew, up and down the country lanes of Clare. "My daughter Kathleen's fiancé is bringing us out to America for their wedding," she would announce during her visit, casually producing the tickets to show around while teacups clattered and slices of fruitcake were reduced to crumbs. "He has a very important position with the shipping line, so he does."

The entire family would not be going. Passage for only three was being provided by Kathleen's fiancé. "Is it not mean of him?" Theresa had complained to her husband in the privacy of their bed. "Sure an important man like himself could send for us all!" She sat up and pounded her pillow with a doubled fist.

"Be grateful for your blessings, love," Patrick Halloran had advised. "And while you're about it, would you ever get us another quilt?"

The couple had decided to take their second son. "As Frank is the oldest, he will be needed at home to mind the farm and his little sisters," Patrick had explained.

When Ned heard he was going to America he could hardly believe his good fortune. He was even to have his very own cabin on the ship! All his life he had shared a bed with Frank, who invariably fell asleep first and snored. Rushing out of the house, Ned turned cartwheels in the muddy Ennis road; a tall, wiry boy with an unruly mop of black curls, celebrating the prospect of a great adventure and the first concession to his burgeoning manhood.

That had been two months ago. Now, three days out of Queenstown Harbor, he sat on the edge of his berth in the dark, listening to silence.

His skin prickled with an atavistic warning.

"Wisha, lad, don't be letting your imagination run away with you," Mama would say; Mama, who heard banshees on the wind and shrieked aloud if someone brought whitethorn blossoms into the house.

Ned swallowed hard. Some intuition whose existence he had never suspected was ringing alarm bells in him. Yet at the same time he felt a curious thrill.

If the ship was in trouble ...

Perhaps the liner had been boarded by pirates!

If there were pirates they might have drugged the crew with the help of accomplices. Or they could be holding the captain at gunpoint.

Suppose some daring young man was able to sneak up behind the pirates and take them by surprise ...

Where could he find some sort of weapon? A pitchfork, for example; pitchforks were invaluable in times of trouble. But there would be no farm tools on a passenger liner. Guns, though ... there might at least be a gun. In the captain's cabin? Where would that be in relation to Middle Deck F?

Ned struggled to recall what he had learned about the ship's layout. His was an insatiable mind that absorbed information as readily as his mother's soda bread absorbed buttermilk.

The huge steamship was eleven storeys high, four city blocks long, and was carrying some thirteen hundred passengers. She even made her own electricity. There was no electrification in rural Ireland, so a ship glowing with unflickering light was a vision of heaven to Ned.

The vessel was like a small city, with a fully fitted gymnasium, a swimming pool and Turkish bath, even a replica of a Parisian sidewalk café for "the young set." Unparalleled comfort and luxury were provided. The Grand Staircase was five storeys high. First-class suites were decorated with valuable antiques and boasted electric heaters. Second-class had crystal light fixtures and elevators with wrought iron grillwork.

From the moment Ned saw the liner he had loved her. A sovereign of the seas, serene and assured, she encompassed everything a human could desire.

Ned's cabin on Middle Deck F was small by comparison to the more costly suites. Yet it contained a single mahogany-framed berth set against one wall with lockers over the bath, an upholstered couch on the opposite wall, another locker with fitted drawers, and a highly polished mahogany washstand with mirror, basin, and a concealed chamber pot. Robe hooks and soap dishes and drawer handles and porthole fittings were all of polished brass.

In that cabin Ned had felt like an egg-bound chick that had finally broken out of its shell into a larger and finer world. If the wonderful ship was in danger now, he, Edward Joseph Halloran, meant to fight for her!

But first he had better get fully dressed. One could hardly cut a heroic figure in a bathrobe, even a new one lined with red flannel.


The long white corridor was dimly lit. Through closed cabin doors he could hear the sound of voices, but there was no one in the passage. Ned looked left and right to be sure, then glanced at his parents' door. Should he knock and go in to them?

If he did, Papa would never let him go looking for pirates.

Ned set off down the corridor.

A white-jacketed steward emerging from a side passage startled him. "I'm after hearing something strange," Ned explained hastily, "and then there was a sort of jolt."

The man flicked him a distracted glance. "Everything's all right." Even as he spoke they heard a clanging crash somewhere below.

"It's nothing to worry about," the steward insisted. Brushing past Ned, he hurried on. At the far end of the corridor he knocked on a door and murmured something, then went to the next door.

The corridor seemed to have grown very cold.

As if carried on an invisible current, Ned resumed walking. Others were feeling the current too. First one cabin door and then another opened. People put out their heads and looked around, or emerged in varying degrees of undress. A stocky man wearing trousers and braces and a half-unbuttoned boiled shirt stepped from his cabin so abruptly he collided with Ned. "What's happening?" he demanded in a Liverpool accent.

Ned had noticed the Englishman earlier in the second-class dining saloon. A waiter had addressed him as "Mr. Otter" the name seemed comical then. Faced with the size and solidity of the man in the narrow passage, however, there was nothing amusing about him.

"I'm sure I don't know, sir," Ned replied with reflexive humility. "Be meek in the presence of your betters" was the motto drummed into Irish bones from birth to the grave.

The Englishman scowled into a pair of black-lashed green eyes that looked as if they had been put in the boy's face with a sooty thumb. "You're Irish, aren't you?" He made it sound like an accusation.

"I am, sir. From Clare, sir."

"Then what are you doing here? You belong in steerage."

Ned's chin lifted, displaying the scoilt, the inherited Halloran cleft. "I do not," he replied before he could stop himself. "My family has second-class passage. Bought and paid for."

"Is that so?" The man sounded skeptical. "You should go back before you're found out. Your people aren't allowed on this deck."

"I told you, we're traveling second-class. My father works for Lord Inchiquin," Ned offered as additional credentials.

"Never heard of 'im. You think that gives you the right to ape your betters?"

The boy's face flamed. "I have the right to be here."

"Your sort are always trying to act above their station. Did I not see you earlier with some other rascal from steerage, a redheaded lout? The two of you were sneaking into the second-class library."

"He's my friend," Ned argued, surprised at his own temerity, "and we were not sneaking. I invited him. I just wanted him to see all those books."

The Englishman's complexion mottled with anger. "You can't 'invite' steerage here! I'll have you both—"

But whatever he intended to say was interrupted by a shout echoing down the corridor. "They're uncovering the lifeboats!"

Suddenly the passage was filled with men and women milling in confusion, asking one another questions no one could answer. Stewards' bells began to ring throughout the ship.

"What's happening?" Otter repeated irritably. "Bloody nuisance, middle of the night ..." Turning away, he stumped off down the corridor like a man determined to set things to rights.

For all his unpleasantness, Otter was an adult and English and therefore doubly a figure of authority. Ned followed him.

They made their way up the second-class stairs and emerged on the portside boat deck. More passengers were gathering there, but no one seemed interested in getting into the lifeboats. On a bitter cold night in the middle of a vast ocean, it would be insane to leave the safety and comfort of a ship known to be invulnerable.

Ned's breath was a miniature version of the clouds of steam being exhaled from the four huge smokestacks towering above the deck.

Overhead glittered the indifferent stars. The sky had never looked so deep. From the lounge the sound of the ship's orchestra began to drift out over the water; they were playing a song Ned did not recognize.

Though the ship was dead in the water no one appeared alarmed. The mood was one of curiosity and amusement, as if an entertainment were being presented. The passengers were paying for the finest care in the world and expected nothing less. A few members of the crew circulated among them, making guesses as to the cause of the delay which were no better informed than those of the passengers themselves. A purser suggested the ship had lost a propeller. In reply to an irascible question from Mr. Otter, a junior officer claimed she had hit "some floating ice, but we'll be under way again soon."

Neither possibility seemed as dramatic to Ned as pirates, but the hope of seeing an iceberg sent him to the rail. He leaned as far out as he could and peered into the Atlantic night. No mountainous berg could be seen from his vantage point, but there were strangely glimmering islands floating on the black water. The air was shimmering with ice crystals and so dry and cold it burned the membranes of his nose.

A voice shouted, "There are huge chunks of ice on the starboard boat deck!"

"Let's go get some!" cried a young man. Several passengers set off at once, challenging one another to an impromptu hockey game. Ned trotted after them with a vague notion of finding Dan Duffy.

The adventure would be more fun with a friend.

CHAPTER 2

NED had met Dan on the dock at Queenstown as his family waited to board the ship. Beneath her best woolen cloak, Mrs. Halloran was attired in her first "traveling costume"—a tailored skirt that covered her instep, a peplum jacket with puffed sleeves, and a linen blouse foaming with Limerick lace. Atop her head was pinned a broad-brimmed hat with a large white plume. The wind blew filaments from the plume into her eyes, and whenever she moved her new corset creaked.

Her husband was equally uncomfortable in a thigh-length frieze coat, spotted waistcoat, and high-collared shirt that scratched his wind-reddened neck. In place of his familiar cords were wide-legged trousers that let cold drafts blow up his legs, and he missed his cap. His wife had been very firm about this: "You are not going to America wearing that filthy old Scarriff hat you inherited from your father. You shall have a new black top hat, like a proper gentleman."

Ned was to begin the voyage in a Norfolk suit of black-and-white Donegal tweed, which at least was warm. Privately he thought he looked ridiculous, and he hated the knee- britches, but his mother had saved to buy the fabric and he did not dare complain. While his parents were preoccupied with making arrangements about their baggage, he ducked under a barrier and joined those waiting to embark as third-class passengers. As Irish people, the Hallorans were very much in the minority in second-class. Those who would be traveling steerage had Irish faces. Young faces.

Their clothes, though clean for the most part, were entirely homemade, patched and mended. Men and women alike wore boots. They had no baggage to be stored in the steamship's capacious baggage rooms; the few possessions they carried with them were in cloth bundles or pasteboard boxes fastened with string. Grandchildren of the Great Famine, theirs was the most recent generation of exiles from a depopulated land.

Among them were several startlingly pretty girls. One in particular had a high, rounded bosom and swaying hips.

One shy glance was all Ned had dared. Even that gave him the unsettling feeling of an extra layer of heat beneath his skin. He could almost hear Father Hagerty warning against sins of the flesh, erecting the pillars of guilt that supported a Catholic conscience. Regretfully, Ned had dragged his eyes away only to have his attention caught by a redheaded boy flashing a jaunty grin. When Ned grinned back, the other beckoned him forward. "Ain't she a wonder?" the boy had asked. At first Ned thought he meant the girl, but he was indicating the waiting ship. "Did you ever know there was anything in the wide world like that?"

"I never did," Ned had answered truthfully. Side by side, the two had stood gazing at the great liner in openmouthed admiration.

That was how he had met Dan Duffy, a rawboned, freckled youth a year or so older than himself, with merry brown eyes and work-callused hands. By a happy coincidence Dan was also from County Clare. Anyone from your home county became a friend when met in a strange place.

Now, as he searched for Dan aboard the stalled liner, Ned recalled their first conversation. The redhead had explained, "I'm one of too many Duffys. Our holding at Ruan has been divided so many times among so many sons over the generations that it's all stone walls now, with hardly enough earth left to grow a tattie. It'd make a cat laugh if it weren't so sad. So I'm off to Amerikay to make me fortune."

"How are you going to make your fortune?"

"There's gold in them streets."

"You're not believing that."

Dan had chuckled. "Perhaps not. But there's jobs sure. I'm strong, so I am. Could be I'll work on a railroad, or dig a canal. What about yourself?"

"My sister Kathleen went out two years ago. My mother has cousins in Boston who visited us in '09. Kathleen went to visit them the next year; she'd been talking of nothing else since the day they went back. My mother was worried, but Kathleen appealed to Papa and he found the money for her passage. Kathleen always could get her way through Papa. She's a real beauty, with dark curly hair like mine and a dimple in her chin instead of a cleft. All the lads in Clare were after her."


(Continues...)

Excerpted from 1916 by Morgan Llywelyn. Copyright © 1998 Morgan Llywelyn. Excerpted by permission of Tom Doherty Associates.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

Reading Group Guide

Questions for Discussion

1. At the beginning of the book, the author provides a Dramatis Personae—a list of all fictional characters and a list of historical figures (members of the Rising who were executed are listed in boldface). Do the historical figures blend well with the fictional characters? Are the fictional characters as passionate and colorful as their real-life companions?

2. During the course of her research, Morgan Llywelyn was given access to private and family papers, unpublished and suppressed papers, as well as eyewitness accounts. This historical information is a synthesis of reliably documented facts that gives believability to the fictional characters and credibility to the many historical figures depicted in 1916. Through the novel's main character, Ned, the reader is introduced to the renowned scholar and poet, Patrick Pearse, Irish republican Seán MacDermott, and Socialist labor leader and journalist James Connolly, as well as many others. How does the portrayal of these figures compare to the way history commonly represents them?

3. The American public has often been presented with a one-sided and romanticized view of the Irish/British situation. How does 1916 compare with other treatments of the subject in popular culture, such as the films Michael Collins and In the Name of the Father? What other works of fiction/drama could 1916 be compared to?

4. The rigid and complex class structure of Ireland is a powerful force in 1916. The treatment of the Irish aboard the Titanic—booked for "steerage passage" only and the last allowed to board the life boats—is an example of discrimination against the Irish. What are some other examples of this discrimination and how did it carry over to America?

5. The Easter Rising was a defining event in the history of Irish Republicanism and was responsible for the Proclamation of the Republic. This proclamation demanded equal rights and opportunities for Irish citizens and many consider it to be the founding document of the Irish Republican Army and a major influence of the Sinn Féin party, which originally was founded on strictly nonmilitant principles. Today the once chivalrous IRA and Sinn Féin are synonymous with terrorism—when did this evolution take place and what caused these organizations to change? Is the overall outcome of the Easter Rising considered a triumph or a tragedy?

6. Beginning with the execution of sixteen Irish leaders by the British government, the Easter Rising gave birth to a new attitude about Irish rebellion against British oppression. But today, the current troubles in Northern Ireland overshadow the ideologies and events leading up to the Rising and the Irish people have been made to feel ashamed of their own patriots. After learning about the brave men and women of Ireland who began this fight more than eighty years ago, will the readers of 1916 feel more sympathetic to today's IRA activities or to today's British policies?

Interviews

On Sunday, April 5th, barnesandnoble.com welcomed Morgan Llywelyn to discuss 1916.


Moderator: Welcome to the barnesandnoble.com live author Auditorium. Today Morgan Llywelyn, author of 1916, joins us for a live online chat. Good afternoon, Morgan Llywelyn! Welcome to our Auditorium. Do you have any opening comments for your readers?

Morgan Llywelyn: Yes, I do. I think the most important thing about this book, considering what is on the news these days, is the fact that it details the birth of the Irish Republican Army.


Henry from St. Petersburg, FL: I am only vaguely familiar with the events of 1916, and I am very interested to read your book. Could you tell us what events it deals with?

Morgan Llywelyn: The novel sets up the four years surrounding the Easter Rising, which would ultimately win Ireland's independence from England, and in the novel, I show how the diverse strands in both America and Ireland came together to effect this. The American organization known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood actually funded most of the Easter Rising, while in Ireland, a group of idealists, poets, and professors combined with the labor union movement to create the actual event. Simultaneously, through this history, I have run the fiction lives of a group of ordinary people whom the events impacted.


Harold from Oakland, CA: Your book describes the IRA at the time of the Easter Rising. Could you talk about how the ideologies of the IRA at that time differ from the images we have of them today in light of the Troubles in Northern Ireland? Do you think they are truly different organizations, or do we just have a different perception of them in modern times?

Morgan Llywelyn: I think the initial ideology -- that of chivalry, gallantry, decency, the protection of innocent life -- was a very noble one and one to which the IRA aspired for a long time; but the events following the partition of Ireland in 1922 resulted in mounting frustration among paramilitary organizations on both sides of the new border, created by partition. This resulted in mounting tensions, which began to change the actions of the IRA, if not their basic Republican ideal. Then, the last 30 years, since Bloody Sunday in Derry, has seen a shocking escalation of violence again by the paramilitaries on both sides, not just the IRA. This violence, I feel, feeds itself. It becomes a defining characteristic, which makes people forget about ideals in the rush to action. Therein lie the dangers. For the fringe elements, war is fun. Killing is a deadly game that a small percentage on both sides enjoy. So an evolution has taken place that has given the IRA as a whole a dreadful image, which actually should only apply to a part.


Michael from Bennington, VT: I can imagine that this subject is a sensitive one to write about, given that people in Ireland and Northern Ireland still have strong feelings, and in many ways their relationship to one another is still unresolved. What considerations did you take in writing this book to be sensitive to differing views and opinions?

Morgan Llywelyn: This, because it is a novel, has the advantage of allowing me to introduce fictional characters who will represent a wide variety of opinions. While the story is centered on the Republican movement and Ireland's struggle for independence, I also have my fictional characters demonstrate varying degrees of ambivalence toward what was happening. A fictional civil servant named Neville Grantham, for example, represents the point of view of British members of the government in Ireland who understood the reasons behind the rising while at the same time maintained a loyalty to Britain. A book like this one only serves a worthwhile purpose if it allows people to see the other person's point of view, and I have tried to do that insofar as I could, while telling the Republican story.


Ursula P. from Athens, GA: I read that you live in Ireland and have become an Irish citizen. Where are you originally from? If you are not originally from Ireland, how has an outsider's perspective influenced your writing of 1916?

Morgan Llywelyn: Good question! I was born in New York City of Irish parents, so I was always entitled to Irish citizenship. I moved back to Ireland in 1985 but have always had that added dimension of the American experience from which to look at Ireland. I think it helps. I think when you are totally immersed in a culture, it can be easy to forget the larger picture. Many people writing about Ireland, such as James Joyce, have done their best writing from abroad. I would not dream of comparing myself to Joyce, but I appreciate the opportunities I have as someone who has been a citizen of both worlds.


Benjamin A. from Bronx, NY: How did you decide on the characters you would use to tackle such a huge subject? I haven't read your book yet, but do you use real figures from history to describe the events in 1916, or do you create fictional characters? What are the benefits/drawbacks of using fictional versus historical characters?

Morgan Llywelyn: At the front of the book, I have a list of all the characters, first the fictional ones, and then all the historic ones. I wrote this book first as if I were writing a nonfiction history, relating the events and the people who made them in detail. Then I created fictional characters to weave through the history and represent ordinary people from different walks of life in Ireland in the period from 1912 to 1916. Each of the fictional characters represents something different. Male and female, they give a broad spectrum of the Irish society of the time and allow us to see the historic characters through their eyes. Dealing with this particular subject, I believe this is a good way of handling the material, in that I can tell the story of the historic characters without putting my own words and feelings into them. My viewpoint comes only through the fictional characters, leaving the historic ones to express their own viewpoints as they actually did.


Elke from Pittsburgh, PA: Did you learn anything in your research for 1916 that turned out to be different from commonly held attitudes or opinions about the events today?

Morgan Llywelyn: Absolutely! Because of the Troubles in the North, since Bloody Sunday, historical revisionism has taken place. Many of the younger people in Ireland today have grown up with an impression fostered by that revisionism. They have been encouraged to think of the leaders of the Easter Rising as bloodthirsty fools rather than as the great men and women they really were. This perception is certainly not universal in Ireland, but it does affect a percentage of the population and has been encouraged for political reasons, thus tying the Irish Republican Army to savage roots that it does not have.


George from Boynton Beach, FL: What sort of research did you do to write 1916? Did this differ from the research you've done for your other novels?

Morgan Llywelyn: I have been working on the research for 1916 for the last ten or eleven years, which meant doing a tremendous amount of reading and collecting of archival material. I have footnoted the book extensively so that readers can backtrack my research if they like. There is a very large bibliography included, and I was also fortunate enough to be given access to a number of private family papers, journals, letters, etc., that have not been published and may never be published. This very large volume of material helped me to understand what happened in 1916 as if I were really there rather than merely looking back upon it. Seen from inside, the events are very different than they would be if we were only looking back across 80 years.


Marion from Dayton, Ohio: How has your book been received in Ireland?

Morgan Llywelyn: So far, it is not yet in Ireland; it is just coming in now. It won't be officially published in Ireland until Easter week. I expect it to be controversial. I hope it will also be both informative and entertaining, but I am confident enough of the research that I don't really worry about its reception. People will like it or hate it, but I hope they'll read it with an open mind and stop for a minute to think about the men and women who won them their freedom.


Douglas Orman from Rochester, NY: Did your view of the events in 1916 change by the time you had finished the novel? In what way? How did you initially envision them, and how do you see them now?

Morgan Llywelyn: My view changed a lot. I had started the research from the common perception that we have in Ireland today. The research itself reeducated me, and I think that is what research should do. If you just find out things that support your initial concept, you haven't learned very much. By the time I had finished working on 1916, I realized just how much we lost with the execution of men like Patrick Pearse. Had he and James Connely lived, there might never have been partition. Ireland would be prosperous today anyway, but she might have a lot fewer scars.


Patricia from Cleveland, OH: What do you think lies behind the continuing violence in Northern Ireland?

Morgan Llywelyn: Firstly, let me say, it is not religious. The terms "Catholic" and "Protestant" are labels pasted on to justify greed, political expediency, a desire to retain privilege, a desire to retain status, and to some degree, a sheer joy in violence. The worst elements in human nature are always those which fuel this kind of conflict, and that is what makes it so hard to bring to an end.


Erin Fitzpatrick from Trenton, NJ: Looking at your backlist, it would appear that you don't usually write about history in the 20th century. How does it compare with, say, a history of the Celts in Ireland or writing about mythology? Can we expect more relatively modern historical novels from you in the future? Thanks, Erin.

Morgan Llywelyn: Yes, you can! I will be following 1916 with two more: 1921: THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE and 1949: THE IRISH REPUBLIC. Comparing it with writing about ancient Ireland, I feel like I have always been working my way toward this, trying to understand the forces that shaped us and made us the people we are today. In Ireland, at least, you have to understand the ancient past in order to have any understanding of modern history, so they do all connect.


Tom from Little Rock, Arkansas: What would Ireland be like today if the Easter Rising had never happened? Do you think some other event would have taken its place and everything would be the same as it is now, or do you think things would be drastically different if things had gone differently on that day?

Morgan Llywelyn: If the Easter Rising had never happened, Ireland today might be in the same position as Scotland: still part of the British Empire, still trying to establish a degree of autonomy within that empire, and therefore we would not have the remarkable prosperity we have achieved as a republic. Ireland in the last few years has been changed, changed utterly, into a Celtic tiger, and that could only have happened with independence. Some other event in the years leading up to the present day might have effected a drastic change in Ireland, but I cannot imagine one which would have been as profound as that resulting from the Rising and the War for Independence.


Elise from NYC: Did you see the film "Michael Collins"? What did you think of it? How does your account of the events differ from that portrayed in the film?

Morgan Llywelyn: I did see the film. I thought it was very good indeed. Ireland being Ireland, of course, Neil Jordan was criticized for what were seen as historical inaccuracies, but overall his interpretation of events and characters was quite good. My novel, 1916, covers the period preceding that of the film, however, and Michael Collins, in actuality, only played a minor role in the Easter Rising itself. His time was to come with the War for Independence. My major criticism of the film is that it did not tell enough about the historical context to enable people to understand what was going on, unless they already knew some Irish history. Something as important as the treaty was not even shown.


JWilliam from Evanston, IL: Do you expect that the second inquiry into Bloody Sunday will bring any closure, or is it expected to be yet another cover-up?

Morgan Llywelyn: I think the inquiry is necessary. It may not bring closure, because the wounds are so deep and the pain, in many ways, is still fresh, but anything that sets the record straight enables people to move forward. It is only misremembering that makes the past dangerous.


Moderator: Thank you, Morgan Llywelyn, for this interesting discussion of Ireland and your book 1916. Do you have any closing comments?

Morgan Llywelyn: I do! I want to thank all the people who asked such thought-provoking questions. They have reminded me why I wrote this book in the first place!


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