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Overview
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- Comprehensive overview of all test topics
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Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781264483068 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | McGraw Hill LLC |
| Publication date: | 08/01/2022 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 528 |
| File size: | 35 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
About the Author
John T. Moore, Ed.D., teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Austin, Texas. He is the author of numerous books on chemistry and. Has served as AP Chemistry reader and chemistry and physical science questions writer for the College Board for many years.
Richard Langley, Ph.D., teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Austin, Texas. He has been a grader for the AP Chemistry exams for over 20 years and is the author or co-author of several chemistry books and research papers.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
About the Authors xiv
Introduction: The Five-Step Program xv
Step 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry Exam 3
Background of the Advanced Placement Program 3
Who Writes the AP Chemistry Exam? 4
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them 4
Reasons for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam 4
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam 5
2 How to Plan Your Time 11
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam 11
Calendar for Each Plan 14
Step 2 Determine Your Test Readiness
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam 19
Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam 20
AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam, Section I (Multiple Choice) 21
Answers and Explanations for Final Practice Exam, Section I (Multiple Choice) 34
AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam, Section II (Free Response) 41
Answers and Explanations for Final Practice Exam, Section II (Free Response) 47
Scoring and Interpretation 56
Step 3 Develop Strategies for Success
4 How to Approach Each Question Type 59
Multiple-Choice Questions 59
Free-Response Questions 62
Step 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
5 Basics 69
Units and Measurements 70
Dimensional Analysis-the Factor Label Method 71
The States of Matter 72
Phase Diagrams 72
The Structure of the Atom 74
Oxidation Numbers 82
Nomenclature Overview 83
Experiments 89
Common Mistakes to Avoid 89
Review Questions 90
Answers and Explanations 92
Free-Response Question 94
Answer and Explanation 94
Rapid Review 95
6 Stoichiometry 97
Moles and Molar Mass 98
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas 98
Introduction to Reactions 100
Reaction Stoichiometry 100
Limiting Reactants 102
Percent Yield 103
Molarity and Solution Calculations 104
Experiments 104
Common Mistakes to Avoid 105
Review Questions 105
Answers and Explanations 108
Free-Response Question 112
Answer and Explanation 113
Rapid Review 114
7 Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons 117
The Nature of Light 118
Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 119
Beer-Lambert Law 120
Wave Properties of Matter 121
Atomic Spectra 121
Atomic Orbitals 122
Photoelectron (Photoemission) Spectroscopy (PES) 124
Experiments 124
Common Mistakes to Avoid 124
Review Questions 125
Answers and Explanations 127
Free-Response Question 128
Answer and Explanation 129
Rapid Review 130
8 Bonding 131
Lewis Electron-Dot Structures 132
Ionic and Covalent Bonding 132
Molecular Geometry-VSEPR 136
Valence Bond Theory 139
Molecular Orbital Theory 140
Resonance 142
Bond Length, Strength, and Magnetic Properties 143
Structure of Metals and Alloys 143
Experiments 145
Common Mistakes to Avoid 145
Review Questions 146
Answers and Explanations 148
Free-Response Question 149
Answer and Explanation 150
Rapid Review 151
9 Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces 153
Structures and Intermolecular Forces 154
The Liquid State 156
The Solid State 157
Relationship of Intermolecular Forces to Phase Changes 159
Potential Energy 160
Experiments 161
Common Mistakes to Avoid 161
Review Questions 161
Answers and Explanations 164
Free-Response Question 165
Answer and Explanation 166
Rapid Review 166
10 Gases 169
Kinetic Molecular Theory 170
Gas Law Relationships 171
Experiments 181
Common Mistakes to Avoid 183
Review Questions 184
Answers and Explanations 186
Free-Response Question 188
Answer and Explanation 189
Rapid Review 190
11 Solutions 191
Concentration Units 192
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 194
Colligative Properties 195
Colloids 197
Composition of Mixtures 198
Separation of Solutions and Mixtures Chromatography 199
Experiments 200
Common Mistakes to Avoid 201
Review Questions 201
Answers and Explanations 204
Free-Response Questions 206
Answers and Explanations 207
Rapid Review 207
12 Reactions and Periodicity 209
AP Exam Format 210
General Aspects of Chemical Reactions and Equations 210
General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 212
Precipitation Reactions 213
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 214
Coordination Compounds 218
Acid-Base Reactions 219
Experiments 223
Common Mistakes to Avoid 223
Review Questions 224
Answers and Explanations 226
Free-Response Question 228
Answer and Explanation 229
Rapid Review 229
13 Kinetics 231
How Reactions Occur-Collision Model 232
Rates of Reaction 233
Integrated Rate Laws 236
Reaction Energy Profile 238
Activation Energy 239
Reaction Mechanisms 239
Steady-State Approximation 240
Multistep Reaction Energy Profile 240
Catalysts 240
Experiments 242
Common Mistakes to Avoid 242
Review Questions 243
Answers and Explanations 246
Free-Response Question 248
Answer and Explanation 249
Rapid Review 250
14 Thermodynamics 253
Energy Diagrams 254
Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium 254
Calorimetry 255
Energy of Phase Changes 257
Introduction to Enthalpy of Reaction 258
Bond Enthalpies 259
Laws of Thermodynamics 260
Hess's Law 260
Enthalpies of Formation 262
Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 265
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control 265
Coupled Reactions 265
Experiments 266
Common Mistakes to Avoid 266
Review Questions 267
Answers and Explanations 270
Free-Response Question 272
Answer and Explanation 272
Rapid Review 273
15 Equilibrium 275
Equilibrium Expressions 277
Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant 277
Properties of the Equilibrium Constant 278
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations 279
Representations of Equilibrium 281
Le Châtelier's Principle 282
Solubility Equilibria 285
Common-Ion Effect 287
pH and Solubility 287
Free Energy of Dissolution 288
Other Equilibria 289
Experiments 289
Common Mistakes to Avoid 289
Review Questions 290
Answers and Explanations 292
Free-Response Question 295
Answer and Explanation 296
Rapid Review 298
16 Acids and Bases 299
Acid-Base Equilibrium 300
Ka-the Acid Dissociation Constant 302
Kw-the Water Dissociation Constant 303
Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases 304
pH 305
Kb-the Base Dissociation Constant 306
Acidic/Basic Properties of Salts 308
Buffers 309
Acid-Base Reactions and Buffers 311
Titration Equilibria 312
Experiments 317
Common Mistakes to Avoid 317
Review Questions 318
Answers and Explanations 321
Free-Response Question 323
Answer and Explanation 324
Rapid Review 324
17 Electrochemistry 327
Redox Reactions 328
Electrochemical Cells 328
Quantitative Aspects of Electrochemistry 335
Nernst Equation 336
Electrolysis and Faraday's Law 338
Experiments 338
Common Mistakes to Avoid 338
Review Questions 339
Answers and Explanations 342
Free-Response Question 344
Answer and Explanation 344
Rapid Review 345
Additional Review and Applications
18 Nuclear Chemistry 349
Nuclear Reactions 350
Natural Radioactive Decay Modes 350
Nuclear Stability 352
Nuclear Decay Calculations 352
Mass-Energy Relationships 353
Common Mistakes to Avoid 354
Review Questions 354
Answers and Explanations 356
Free-Response Question 356
Answer and Explanation 357
Rapid Review 358
19 Organic Chemistry 359
Hydrocarbons 360
Structural Isomerism 360
Common Functional Groups 361
Acid-Base Chemistry 361
Experiments 363
Common Mistakes to Avoid 364
Review Questions 364
Answers and Explanations 365
Free-Response Questions 366
Answers and Explanations 366
Rapid Review 368
20 Experimental Investigations 369
Experiment 1 Spectroscopy 370
Experiment 2 Spectrophotometry 373
Experiment 3 Gravimetric Analysis 374
Experiment 4 Titration 375
Experiment 5 Chromatography 377
Experiment 6 Determination of the Type of Bonding in Solid Samples 378
Experiment 7 Stoichiometry 378
Experiment 8 Redox Titration 379
Experiment 9 Chemical and Physical Changes 381
Experiment 10 Kinetics 381
Experiment 11 Rate Laws 382
Experiment 12 Calorimetry 383
Experiment 13 Chemical Equilibrium-Le Châteliers Principle 384
Experiment 14 Acid-Base Titrations 385
Experiment 15 Buffer pH 385
Experiment 16 The Capacity of a Buffer 386
Common Mistakes to Avoid 387
Review Questions 387
Answers and Explanations 391
Free-Response Questions 394
Answers and Explanations 397
Rapid Review 401
Step 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1 405
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, Section I (Multiple Choice) 407
Answers and Explanations for Exam 1, Section I (Multiple Choice) 420
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, Section II (Free Response) 426
Answers and Explanations for Exam 1, Section II (Free Response) 432
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2 439
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, Section I (Multiple Choice) 441
Answers and Explanations for Exam 2, Section I (Multiple Choice) 453
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, Section II (Free Response) 459
Answers and Explanations for Exam 2, Section II (Free Response) 463
Appendixes
Pre-AP Diagnostic Exam 473
SI Units 493
Balancing Redox Equations Using the Ion-Electron Method 495
Common Ions 499
Bibliography 502
Websites 502
Glossary 503
Avoiding "Stupid" Mistakes on the Free-Response Section 512
Exam Resources 515