Table of Contents
Preface vii
Problem Solving Guide ix
1 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Quantities measuring units and dimensions 2
1.3 Thermodynamic systems 5
1.4 Properties of a system 7
1.5 Zeroth law of thermodynamics 10
Basic concepts of thermodynamics - problems 12
2 Properties of Pure Substances 15
2.1 Phases of a pure substance 15
2.2 Diagrams for phase-change processes 16
2.3 Property tables 24
2.4 The ideal gas equation of state 25
Properties of pure substances - problems 29
3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 31
3.1 Heat 31
3.2 Work 32
3.3 The cycle 34
3.4 The first law of thermodynamics 34
3.5 Corollaries of the first law of thermodynamics 36
3.6 Energy balances 39
3.6.1 Energy balance for closed systems 39
3.6.2 Energy balance for open systems 40
3.7 Effectiveness of energy conversion 40
The first law of thermodynamics - problems 41
4 Non-flow Thermo dynamic Processes of an Ideal Gas 43
4.1 The energy equation and reversibility 43
4.1.1 Work and reversibility 44
4.1.2 Heat and reversibility 46
4.2 Isochoric process 47
4.3 Isobaric process 49
4.4 Isothermal process 50
4.5 Adiabatic process 51
4.6 Polytropic process 54
Non-flow thermodynamic processes of an ideal gas - problems 55
5 Flow Thermodynamic Processes 57
5.1 The steady-flow energy equation 57
5.2 Open systems with steady flow 59
5.2.1 Boilers and condensers 60
5.2.2 Nozzles and diffusers 61
5.2.3 Turbines and compressors/pumps 62
5.2.4 Throttling devices 63
5.3 Cycles consisting of steady-flow processes 64
Flow thermodynamic processes - problems 65
6 The Second Law of Thermo dynamics 67
6.1 Cycle efficiency 67
6.2 The second law of thermodynamics (Planck statement) 69
6.3 Corollary of the second law (Clausius statement) 71
6.4 Reversible and irreversible processes 72
6.5 Other corollaries of the second law 75
6.6 The Carnot cycle 85
6.7 Processes in T - s diagrams 88
6.8 General thermodynamic relations 90
The second law of thermodynamics - problems 93
7 Properties of Gas Mixtures: Moist Air 95
7.1 Empirical laws for mixtures of gases 95
7.2 Gas and vapor mixtures: moist air (atmospheric air) 99
7.2.1 Properties of moist air 101
7.2.2 The psychrometric chart 106
7.2.3 Air-conditioning processes 111
Properties of gas mixtures: moist air - problems 116
8 Vapor Power Cycles 119
8.1 The Rankine cycle 120
8.2 Energy analysis of the Rankine cycle 123
8.3 Means to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle 126
8.4 Steam cycles for nuclear power plant 130
Vapor power cycles - problems 133
9 Gas Power Cycles 135
9.1 Basic considerations 135
9.2 Reciprocating internal-combustion engines 135
9.2.1 The Otto cycle 138
9.2.2 The Diesel cycle 144
9.2.3 The dual cycle 148
9.3 Other types of IC engines 148
9.4 Stirling and Ericsson cycles 150
9.5 The Brayton cycle 153
9.6 Jet-propulsion cycle 156
Gas power cycles - problems 158
10 Refrigeration Cycles 161
10.1 Refrigerators and heat pumps 161
10.2 The reversed Carnot cycle 161
10.3 The ideal vapor-compression cycle 163
10.4 Refrigeration systems 170
10.5 Heat pump systems 170
Refrigeration cycles - problems 171
11 Thermodynamics of Gas Flow 173
11.1 Velocity of sound 173
11.2 One-dimensional isentropic flow 174
11.3 Isentropic flow through nozzles 176
Thermodynamics of gas flow - problems 183
12 Combustion Processes 185
12.1 Fuels and combustion 185
12.2 Adiabatic flame temperature 187
12.3 Effectiveness of energy conversion 188
Combustion processes - problems 191
13 Heat Transfer 193
13.1 Conduction 194
13.1.1 Steady-state conduction through a plane wall 195
13.1.2 Steady-state conduction through a cylindrical wall 199
13.2 Convection 200
13.2.1 The case of forced convection 205
13.2.2 The case of free convection 209
13.2.3 The overall heat transfer 212
13.3 Radiation 213
13.4 Heat exchangers 219
Heat transfer - problems 225
Appendix A The Derivation of the Adiabatic Condition 227
Appendix B Derivation of the Expression for the Re Number 229
Appendix C The Logarithmic Mean Concept 231
Appendix D Nomenclature 233
Appendix E Property Tables and Charts 237
Solutions to Problems 257
Bibliography 301
Index 307
