Acute Toxicology Testing: Perspectives and Horizons

by Shayne C. Gad, Christopher P. Chengelis

Overview

Acute toxicology testing constitutes the first line of defense against potentially dangerous chemicals. This book provides a detailed presentation of protocols for each of the common designs, reviews their development and objectives, discusses the types of data they generate, and examines the current status of alternative test designs and models. For each test, applicable U.S. and international guidelines are also presented, and the formulation and selection of vehicles, dosages, and test animals are addressed.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780936923062
Publisher:	CRC Press
Publication date:	12/15/1988
Series:	Telford Press Series
Pages:	530
Product dimensions:	8.50(w) x 11.00(h) x 1.30(d)

About the Author

Shayne C. Gad, Christopher P. Chengelis

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION. OLDEST AND MOST COMMON TESTS. QUESTIONS OF RELEVANCE AND SENSITIVITY. DEFINING TEST OBJECTIVES. USE OF SCREENS IN TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH: THEORY AND PRACTICE. INNOVATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES: RATIONALE. ACUTE TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM: STUDY DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT. THE HAZARD/TOXICITY PROFILE. TIER TESTING. BATTERIES. TEST SELECTION AND DESIGN. TESTS FOR DERMAL IRRITATION AND CORROSION. HISTORY AND OVERVIEW. DERMAL IRRITATION. Primary Dermal Irritation (PDI) in Rabbits. Design Alternatives and Innovations. In Vitro Alternatives. DERMAL CORROSIVITY. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES AND INNOVATIONS. PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION. OCULAR IRRITATION TESTING. HISTORY OF OCULAR IRRITATION TESTING. ACUTE EYE IRRITATION TESTS IN RABBITS. Adequacy and Limitations of Current In Vivo Methods. PRESCREENS AND IN VIVO ALTERNATIVES. OVERVIEW OF IN VIVO ALTERNATIVES. DERMAL SENSITIZATION. MECHANISMS. OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL FEATURES OF TESTS. HISTORY. BUEHLER TEST. GUINEA PIG MAXIMIZATION TEST (GPMT). GUINEA PIG SPLIT ADJUVANT TEST. MOUSE EAR SWELLING TEST (MEST). TEST SYSTEM MANIPULATION. PRACTICAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. POTENCY PREDICTIONS. IN VITRO ALTERNATIVES. PHOTOSENSITIZATION/PHOTOTOXICITY. THEORY, MECHANISMS AND HISTORY. FACTORS INFLUENCING PHOTOTOXICITY/PHOTOSENSITIZATION. PREDICTIVE IN VIVO TESTS FOR PHOTOTOXICITY. PREDICTIVE IN VIVO TESTS FOR PHOTOSENSITIZATION. IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS. LETHALITY TESTING. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. PROTOCOL DESIGNS. Classical Designs. Dose Probe Designs. Up-and-Down Method. Pyramiding Studies. Limit Tests. Fixed Dose Procedure. Quality Control Screens. USING LETHALITY DATA IN SAFETY ASSESSMENT-THE MLD. ALTERNATIVES TO LETHALITY TESTING. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF AGENTS BY THE PARENTERAL ROUTES. PARENTERAL ROUTES AND RATES. Intravenous. Subcutaneous. Intramuscular. Considerations of Bolus vs. Infusion. TEST SYSTEMS. Irritation (IV, IM & SC). Pyrogenicity. Blood Compatibility. IN VITRO ALTERNATIVES. ACUTE SYSTEMIC TOXICITY TESTS. INTROD

Editorial Reviews

Acute toxicology testing constitutes the first line of defense against potentially dangerous chemicals. This book presents, in detail, protocols for each of the common designs, reviews their development and objectives, as well as the types of data they generate and the current status of alternative test designs and modes. For each test, applicable US and international guidelines are also presented, along with discussion of formulation and selection of vehicles, dosages and test animals. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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