Advances in Geophysics

by Renata Dmowska, Barry Saltzman

Overview

Advances in Geophysics Volume 45 presents two main topics of noted interest to the geophysical community. The first topic is ice particles in the atmosphere. Mathematical descriptions of ice particle shapes, their growth rates, and their influence on cloud development are presented. The second topic is earthquakes and seismological mapping. The authors present their research involving predicting the location and intensity of earthquakes.

Author Biography: Barry Saltzman, 1932-2001, was professor of geology and geophysics at Yale University and a pioneer in the theory of weather and climate, in which he made several profound and lasting contributions to knowledge of the atmosphere and climate. Saltzman developed a series of models and theories of how ice sheets, atmospheric winds, ocean currents, carbon dioxide concentration, and other factors work together, causing the climate to oscillate in a 100,000-year cycle. For this and other scientific contributions, he received the 1998 Carl Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, the highest award from the American Meteorological Society. Saltzman was a fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an honorary member of the Academy of Science of Lisbon. His work in 1962 on thermal convection led to the discovery of chaos theory and the famous "Saltzman-Lorenz attractor."

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780120188369
Publisher:	Elsevier Science
Publication date:	09/27/1994
Series:	Advances in Geophysics , #36
Pages:	217
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Renata Dmowska works in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA, USA.

Table of Contents

Contents     v
Contributors     ix
The Generation of T Waves by Earthquakes   Emile A. Okal
Introduction     2
Geometrical Optics: Understanding T Waves in a Simple Context     4
Early Observations     4
T Phases as Seismo-Acoustic Conversions     7
The Downslope Conversion Model     9
The 1994 Bolivian T Phases     11
Preferential Conversion Sites; On the Road to Scattering     13
The Paradox of the Abyssal T Phase     14
T Waves in the Mode Formalism     19
Using T Phases to Detect and Locate Seismic Sources     27
Using T Waves to Explore the Seismic Source     32
Background: Source Finiteness for T Waves     34
Amplitude Measurements     34
Duration: Another Measure of Source Size     36
T-Phase Energy Flux: The Parameter j     37
The Amplitude-Duration Criterion D     42
The Case of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake     51
Conclusion     57
Acknowledgements     58
References     58
The Stress Accumulation Model: Accelerating Moment Release and Seismic Hazard   A. Mignan
Preface     67
General Introduction     68
Stress Transfer Theory     69
Principles of Static Stress Transfer     70
Seismicity Rate Changes     79
Triggering of Aftershocks by Mainshocks     83
Triggering of "Preshocks" by Loading at Depth: The Stress Accumulation Model     85
Spatial Distribution of Accelerating Moment Release     93
Introduction     93
Methods     97
Data     101
Results and Discussion     103
Appendix     113
Supplemental Information     115
Temporal Distribution of Accelerating Moment Release     118
Origin of Accelerating Moment Release from Critical Processes     119
Origin of Accelerating Moment Release from Stress Loading     126
Earthquake Forecasts Using Accelerating Moment Release     141
Existing Forecasting Methods     142
Accelerating Moment Release and the Sumatra-Java Arc Seismic Hazard     153
Stability and Reliability of Accelerating Moment Release     174
Predictability of Earthquakes Using Accelerating Moment Release     183
General Conclusions     190
Acknowledgments     191
References     191
Seismic Ray Tracing and Wavefront Tracking in Laterally Heterogeneous Media   N. Rawlinson   J. Hauser   M. Sambridge
Introduction     203
Motivation     203
The Eikonal Equation     205
The Kinematic Ray Tracing Equations     206
Common Model Parameterisations     209
Ray Tracing Schemes     214
Shooting Methods     214
Bending Methods     227
Grid Based Schemes     233
Eikonal Solvers     234
Shortest Path Ray Tracing     246
Multi-Arrival Wavefront Tracking     251
Ray Based Schemes     252
Grid Based Schemes     258
Concluding Remarks     264
Acknowledgements     267
References     267

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"This series has provided workers in many fields with invaluable reference material and critism." —SCIENCE PROGRESS

"Should be on the bookshelf of every geophysicst." —PHYSICS TODAY

"The entire series should be in the library of every group working in geophysics." —AMERICAN SCIENTIST

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