Table of Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction: Black Greek- Letter Organization Scholarship: A Look Backward, a Look Forward Tamara L. Brown Gregory S. Parks Clarenda M. Phillips 1
1 Pledged to Remember: Africa in the Life and Lore of Black Greek-Letter Organizations Gloria Harper Dickinson 9
2 The Origin and Evolution of College Fraternities and Sororities Craig L. Torbenson 33
3 Faith and Fraternalism: A History Jessica Harris Said Sewell 63
4 Black Fraternal and Benevolent Societies in Nineteenth-Century America Anne S. Butler 75
5 The Grand Boulé at the Dawn of a New Century: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity William H. Harris 101
6 Education, Racial Uplift, and the Rise of the Greek-Letter Tradition: The African American Quest for Status in the Early Twentieth Century Michael H. Washington Cheryl L. Nuñez 141
7 In the Beginning: The Early History of the Divine Nine André McKenzie 183
8 Lobbying Congress for Civil Rights: The American Council on Human Rights, 1948- 1963 Robert L. Harris Jr 213
9 Academic Achievement of African American Fraternities and Sororities Crystal Renée Chambers MaryBeth Walpole James Coaxum III 233
10 Lucy Diggs Slowe: Not a Matron but an Administrator Lisa Rasheed 249
11 A Social History of Everyday Practice: Sadie T. M. Alexander and the Incorporation of Black Women into the American Legal Profession, 1925-1960 Kenneth W. Mack 267
12 Sister Acts: Resistance in Sweetheart and Little Sister Programs Mindy Stombler Irene Padavic 289
13 The Body Art of Brotherhood Sandra Mizumoto Posey 307
14 Calls: An Inquiry into Their Origin, Meaning, and Function Marcella L. McCoy 331
15 Variegated Roots: The Foundations of Stepping Carol D. Branch 351
16 What a Man: The Relationship between Black Fraternity Stereotypes and Black Sorority Mate Selection Marcia D. Hernandez Anita McDaniel LaVerne Gyant Tina Fletcher 377
17 Racism, Sexism, and Aggression: A Study of Black and White Fraternities Tyra Black Joanne Belknap Jennifer Ginsburg 395
18 The Empty Space of African American Sorority Representation: Spike Lee's School Daze Deborah Elizabeth Whaley 425
19 "Bloody, but Unbowed": Making Meaning of "Invictus" and "If-" the Shaping of a Collective Black Greek Identity Rashawn Ray Danielle Heard Ted Ingram 445
20 The Continuing Presence of Hazing during the Fraternity Membership Intake Process Post 1990 Jerryl Briggs 477
Selected Bibliography 497
List of Contributors 511
Index 515
