American by Birth: Wong Kim Ark and the Battle for Citizenship

by Carol Nackenoff, Julie Novkov

Overview

American by Birth explores the history and legacy of Wong Kim Ark and the 1898 Supreme Court case that bears his name, which established the automatic citizenship of individuals born within the geographic boundaries of the United States. In the late nineteenth century, much like the present, the United States was a difficult, and at times threatening, environment for people of color. Chinese immigrants, invited into the United States in the 1850s and 1860s as laborers and merchants, faced a wave of hostility that played out in organized private violence, discriminatory state laws, and increasing congressional efforts to throttle immigration and remove many long-term residents. The federal courts, backed by the Supreme Court, supervised the development of an increasingly restrictive and exclusionary immigration regime that targeted Chinese people. This was the situation faced by Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco in the 1870s and who earned his living as a cook. Like many members of the Chinese community in the American West he maintained ties to China. He traveled there more than once, carrying required reentry documents, but when he attempted to return to the United States after a journey from 1894 to 1895, he was refused entry and detained. Protesting that he was a citizen and therefore entitled to come home, he challenged the administrative decision in court. Remarkably, the Supreme Court granted him victory.

This victory was important for Wong Kim Ark, for the ethnic Chinese community in the United States, and for all immigrant communities then and to this day. Though the principle had links to seventeenth-century English common law and in the United States back to well before the American Civil War, the Supreme Court’s ruling was significant because it both inscribed the principle in constitutional terms and clarified that it extended even to the children of immigrants who were legally barred from becoming citizens. American by Birth is a richly detailed account of the case and its implications in the ongoing conflicts over race and immigration in US history; it also includes a discussion of current controversies over limiting the scope of birthright citizenship.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780700631926
Publisher:	University Press of Kansas
Publication date:	06/05/2021
Pages:	304
Product dimensions:	6.20(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.10(d)

About the Author

Carol Nackenoff is the Richter Professor of Political Science at Swarthmore College. Julie Novkov is professor of political science and women’s, gender, and sexuality studies at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Nackenoff and Novkov are the coeditors of Stating the Family: New Directions in the Study of American Politics and of Statebuilding from the Margins: Between Reconstruction and the New Deal.

Carol Nackenoff is the Richter Professor of Political Science at Swarthmore College. Julie Novkov is professor of political science and women’s, gender, and sexuality studies at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Nackenoff and Novkov are the coeditors of Stating the Family: New Directions in the Study of American Politics and of Statebuilding from the Margins: Between Reconstruction and the New Deal.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction ix

1 The Foundations of American Citizenship 1

2 Chinese Immigration and the Legal Shift toward Exclusion 27

3 The Legal Battle over Exclusion 42

4 Who Was Wong Kim Ark? 71

5 Wong Kim Ark v. United States 98

6 Citizenship and Immigration: The Next Battles 127

7 Revisiting Jus Soli: Contemporary Developments (coauthored with Marit Vike) 156

Chronology 193

Notes 199

Bibliography 243

Index 265

A photo gallery follows page 89.

Editorial Reviews

"A thought-provoking work that reinforces the landmark status of United States v. Wong Kim Ark and deepens our understanding of the significance of birthright citizenship for people across broad spans of time and space."—California History

"The book is a fascinating account of a man’s life and of the test case he brought to the highest court in the land. But beyond that, it is really a biography of American citizenship."—Perspectives on Politics

“We have long needed a biography of Wong Kim Ark, and American by Birth delivers. It’s the history of American citizenship, the tireless efforts of one man and his lawyers to challenge cruel and racist policies, and Wong Kim Ark’s continuing legacy today. Nackenoff and Novkov’s timely book is a must-read!”—Erika Lee, author of America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States, and director of the Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota

“American by Birth tells the compelling story of Wong Kim Ark—a Chinese American who was forced to defend his claim to US citizenship—and the landmark Supreme Court case that bears his name. Centering their study around his hard-won battle, Carol Nackenoff and Julie Novkov deftly trace the multiple origins of birthright citizenship and its sprawling consequences for American society.”—Beth Lew-Williams, associate professor of history, Princeton University, and author of The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America

From the Publisher