| Transaction Introduction | ix |
| Preface | 7 |
I. | What is Anthropology? | 11 |
| Anthropology treats of man as a member of a racial or social group | |
| Pure and applied anthropology | |
II. | The Problem of Race | 18 |
| Significance of the term "Race" | |
| Overlapping of racial types | |
| Subjective existence of types | |
| Racial heredity and family lines | |
| Inbred and heterogeneous types | |
| Attempts to determine constituent races of a population | |
| Selection | |
| Genetic differences between individuals of the same bodily form | |
| Environmental influences upon bodily form | |
| Summary | |
| Races considered from an evolutionary viewpoint | |
| Relation between the size of the brain and intelligence | |
| Man as a domesticated form | |
| Physiological and mental differences between races | |
| Difficulty of distinguishing between hereditary and environmental conditions | |
| Significance of intelligence tests | |
| Tests of American Negroes | |
| Relative importance of cultural experience and racial descent | |
| Racial descent disregarded by ethnologists | |
III. | The Interrelation of Races | 63 |
| Race consciousness | |
| Open and closed societies | |
| Race a type of closed society | |
| Intermingling of races | |
| Conditions under which race antipathies break down | |
IV. | Nationalism | 81 |
| Confusion between the terms "Race" and "Nationality" | |
| Racial segregation within a nation | |
| Mixed descent of European nations | |
| Language as basis of national groupings | |
| Nationality, political and cultural | |
| Culture and political organization as basis of nationality | |
| Fictitious groupings based on distant relation of speech | |
| History of nationalism | |
| Increase in size of political units | |
| Early development of tribal units | |
| The function of nationalism | |
V. | Eugenics | 106 |
| Effects of selection | |
| Effect of environment and heredity | |
| General degeneracy | |
| Selection for development of specific qualities | |
| Social effects of eugenic legislation | |
| Elimination of the unfit | |
| Dangers of eugenic procedure | |
VI. | Criminology | 122 |
| Criminals as a class | |
| Criminals as defectives | |
| Social conditions and crime | |
| Relative importance of hereditary and environmental factors | |
VII. | Stability of Culture | 132 |
| Acceleration of cultural development | |
| Periodicity of the rate of change | |
| Automatic habits | |
| Negative effect of automatism | |
| Intolerance | |
| Causes of conformity | |
| Relation between material inventions and automatic habits | |
| The relation between language and thought | |
| Effect of uniformity of culture | |
| The influence of individuals upon culture | |
| Actions are more stable than their interpretations | |
| Stability of patterns of thought | |
VIII. | Education | 168 |
| Phenomena of growth and development | |
| Influence of heredity | |
| Retardation and acceleration | |
| Comparison of sexes | |
| Application of generalized observations to the establishment of educational standards | |
| Racial characteristics | |
| Generalized standards are not applicable to individuals | |
| Cases in which standards are applicable | |
| Prediction of individual development | |
| Cultural effects of education | |
| Effect of education upon mental freedom | |
| Conflicts in educational aims | |
| Effect of education upon crises in the life of the individual | |
| The cultural outlook of classes | |
| Cultural outlook of educated class | |
| Cultural outlook of the masses | |
IX. | Modern Life and Primitive Culture | 202 |
| Valuation of different cultural aims | |
| Objective study must be based on different cultures | |
| Anthropology an historic science | |
| Primitive cultures as historic growths | |
| General social laws | |
| Prediction of development of culture impossible | |
| Progress in inventions and knowledge | |
| Effect of leisure | |
| Stability of moral ideas | |
| Progress in ethical behavior | |
| Self-perfection | |
| Progress in social organization | |
| Leadership | |
| Position of women | |
| Marriage | |
| Property | |
| Georgraphic determinism | |
| Economic determinism | |
| Is the direction of cultural development predetermined? | |
| Culture not superorganic | |
| Afterword | 247 |
| References | 325 |