Table of Contents
Conductorart by Claus Grupen (drawing) XX
Preface XXI
List of Contributors XXIII
1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 Superconductivity 1
1.1.1 Basic Properties and Parameters of Superconductors 1Reinhold Kleiner
References 25
1.1.2 Review on Superconducting Materials 26Roland Hott, Reinhold Kleiner, ThomasWolf, and Gertrud Zwicknagl
References 44
1.2 Main Related Effects 49
1.2.1 Proximity Effect 49Mikhail Belogolovskii
1.2.2 Tunneling and Superconductivity 66Steven T. Ruggiero
References 74
1.2.3 Flux Pinning 76Stuart C.Wimbush
References 90
1.2.4 AC Losses and Numerical Modeling of Superconductors 93Francesco Grilli and Frederic Sirois
References 102
2 Superconducting Materials 105
2.1 Low-Temperature Superconductors 105
2.1.1 Metals, Alloys, and Intermetallic Compounds 105Helmut Krauth and Klaus Schlenga
Acknowledgments 127
References 128
2.1.2 Magnesium Diboride 129Davide Nardelli, Ilaria Pallecchi, and Matteo Tropeano
References 148
2.2 High-Temperature Superconductors 152
2.2.1 Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors 152Roland Hott and ThomasWolf
References 163
2.2.2 Iron-Based Superconductors: Materials Aspects for Applications 166Ilaria Pallecchi and Marina Putti
References 188
3 Technology, Preparation, and Characterization 193
3.1 Bulk Materials 193
3.1.1 Preparation of Bulk and Textured Superconductors 193Frank N.Werfel
References 219
3.1.2 Single crystal growth of the high temperature superconducting cuprates 222Andreas Erb
3.1.3 Properties of Bulk Materials 231Günter Fuchs, Gernot Krabbes, andWolf-Rüdiger Canders
References 245
3.2 Thin Films and Multilayers 247
3.2.1 Thin Film Deposition 247Roger Wördenweber
Acknowledgment 277
References 277
3.3 Josephson Junctions and Circuits 281
3.3.1 LTS Josephson Junctions and Circuits 281Hans-Georg Meyer, Ludwig Fritzsch, Solveig Anders, Matthias Schmelz, Jürgen Kunert, and Gregor Oelsner
References 298
3.3.2 HTS Josephson Junctions 306Keiichi Tanabe
References 324
3.4 Wires and Tapes 328
3.4.1 Powder-in-Tube SuperconductingWires: Fabrication, Properties, Applications, and Challenges 328Tengming Shen, Jianyi Jiang, and Eric Hellstrom
Acknowledgments 348
References 348
3.4.2 YBCO-Coated Conductors 355Mariappan Parans Paranthaman, Tolga Aytug, Liliana Stan, Quanxi Jia, and Claudia Cantoni
Acknowledgments 364
References 364
3.5 Cooling 366
3.5.1 Fluid Cooling 366Luca Bottura and Cesar Luongo
References 381
3.5.2 Cryocoolers 383Gunter Kaiser and Gunar Schroeder
References 392
3.5.3 “Cryogen-Free” Cooling 393Gunter Kaiser and Andreas Kade
References 401
4 Superconducting Magnets 403
4.1 Bulk Superconducting Magnets for Bearings and Levitation 403John R. Hull
4.1.1 Introduction 403
4.1.2 Understanding Levitation with Bulk Superconductors 405
4.1.3 Rotational Loss 407
4.1.4 A Rotor Dynamic Issue 411
4.1.5 Practical Bearing Considerations 412
4.1.6 Applications 415
References 416
4.2 Fundamentals of Superconducting Magnets 418Martin N.Wilson
4.2.1 Windings to Produce Different Field Shapes 418
4.2.2 Current Supply 420
4.2.3 Load Lines, Degradation, and Training 422
4.2.4 Cryogenic Stabilization 423
4.2.5 Mechanical Disturbances and Minimum Quench Energy 426
4.2.6 Screening Currents and the Critical State Model 429
4.2.7 Magnetization and Flux Jumping 431
4.2.8 FilamentaryWires and Cables 434
4.2.9 AC Losses 440
4.2.10 Quenching and Protection 442
References 447
4.3 Magnets for Particle Accelerators and Colliders 448Luca Bottura and Lucio Rossi
4.3.1 Introduction 448
4.3.2 Accelerators, Colliders, and Role of Superconducting Magnets 448
4.3.3 Magnetic Design 455
4.3.4 Mechanical Design 467
4.3.5 Margins, Stability, Training, and Protection 471
4.3.6 Field Quality 478
4.3.7 Fast-Cycled Synchrotrons 482
Acknowledgments 484
References 484
4.4 Superconducting Detector Magnets for Particle Physics 487Michael A. Green
4.4.1 The Development of Detector Solenoids 487
4.4.2 LHC Detector Magnets for the ATLAS, CMS, and ALICE Experiments 489
4.4.3 The Future of Detector Magnets for Particle Physics 496
4.4.4 The Defining Parameters forThin Solenoids 498
4.4.5 Thin Detector Solenoid Design Criteria 500
4.4.6 Magnet Power Supply and Coil Quench Protection 505
4.4.7 Design Criteria for the Ends of a Detector Solenoid 509
4.4.8 Cryogenic Cooling of a Detector Magnet 512
References 518
4.5 Magnets for NMR and MRI 523Yukikazu Iwasa and Seungyong Hahn
4.5.1 Introduction to NMR and MRI Magnets 523
4.5.2 Specific Design Issues for NMR and MRI Magnets 526
4.5.3 Status (2013) of NMR and MRI Magnets 534
4.5.4 HTS Applications to NMR and MRI Magnets 539
4.5.5 Conclusions 540
References 541
4.6 Superconducting Magnets for Fusion 544Jean-Luc Duchateau
4.6.1 Introduction to Fusion and Superconductivity 544
4.6.2 ITER 546
4.6.3 Cable in Conduit Conductors (CICC) 552
4.6.4 Quench Protection and Quench Detection in Fusion Magnets 557
4.6.5 Prospective about Future Fusion Reactors: DEMO 565
4.6.6 Conclusion 567
References 568
4.7 High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Magnets 569Swarn Singh Kalsi
4.7.1 Introduction 569
4.7.2 High-Field Magnets 569
4.7.3 Low-Field Magnets 573
4.7.4 Outlook 580
References 580
4.8 Magnetic Levitation and Transportation 583John R. Hull
4.8.1 Introduction 583
4.8.2 Magnetic Levitation: Principles and Methods 583
4.8.3 Maglev Ground Transport 592
4.8.4 Clean-Room Application 597
4.8.5 Air and Space Launch 598
References 599
Contents to Volume 2
SQUIDart by Claus Grupen (drawing) XX
Preface XXIII
List of Contributors XXV
5 Power Applications 603
5.1 Superconducting Cables 603Werner Prusseit, Robert Bach, and Joachim Bock
5.2 Practical Design of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads 616Jonathan A. Demko
5.3 Fault Current Limiters 631Swarn Singh Kalsi
5.4 Transformers 645Antonio Morandi
5.5 Energy Storage (SMES and Flywheels) 660Antonio Morandi
5.6 Rotating Machines 674Swarn Singh Kalsi
5.7 SmartGrids: Motivations, Stakes, and Perspectives/Opportunities for Superconductivity 693Nouredine Hadjsaid, Pascal Tixador, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, Camille Gandioli, and Marie-Cécile Alvarez-Hérault
6 Superconductive Passive Devices 723
6.1 Superconducting Microwave Components 723Neeraj Khare
6.2 Cavities for Accelerators 734Sergey A. Belomestnykh and Hasan S. Padamsee
6.3 Superconducting Pickup Coils 762Audrius Brazdeikis and JarekWosik
6.4 Magnetic Shields 780James R. Claycomb
7 Applications in Quantum Metrology 807
7.1 Quantum Standards for Voltage 807Johannes Kohlmann
7.2 Single Cooper Pair Circuits and Quantum Metrology 828Alexander B. Zorin
8 Superconducting Radiation and Particle Detectors 843
8.1 Radiation and Particle Detectors 843Claus Grupen
8.2 Superconducting Hot Electron Bolometers and Transition Edge Sensors 860Giovanni P. Pepe, Roberto Cristiano, and Flavio Gatti
8.3 SIS Mixers 881Doris Maier
8.4 Superconducting Photon Detectors 902Michael Siegel and Dagmar Henrich
8.5 Applications at Terahertz Frequency 930Masayoshi Tonouchi
8.6 Detector Readout 940Thomas Ortlepp
9 Superconducting Quantum Interference (SQUIDs) 949
9.1 Introduction 949Robert L. Fagaly
9.2 Types of SQUIDs 952Robert L. Fagaly
9.3 Magnetic Field Sensing with SQUID Devices 967
9.3.1 SQUIDs in Laboratory Applications 967Robert L. Fagaly
9.3.2 SQUIDs in Nondestructive Evaluation 977Hans-Joachim Krause,Michael Mück, and Saburo Tanaka
9.3.3 SQUIDs in Biomagnetism 992Hannes Nowak
9.3.4 Geophysical Exploration 1020Ronny Stolz
9.3.5 Scanning SQUID Microscopy 1042John Kirtley
9.4 SQUID Thermometers 1066Thomas Schurig and Jörn Beyer
9.5 Radio Frequency Amplifiers Based on DC SQUIDs 1081Michael Mück and Robert McDermott
9.6 SQUID-Based Cryogenic Current Comparators 1096Wolfgang Vodel, Rene Geithner, and Paul Seidel
10 Superconductor Digital Electronics 1111
10.1 Logic Circuits 1111John X. Przybysz and Donald L.Miller
10.2 Superconducting Mixed-Signal Circuits 1125Hannes Toepfer
10.3 Digital Processing 1135Oleg Mukhanov
10.4 Quantum Computing 1163Jürgen Lisenfeld
10.5 Advanced Superconducting Circuits and Devices 1176MartinWeides and Hannes Rotzinger
10.6 Digital SQUIDs 1194Pascal Febvre
11 Other Applications 1207
11.1 Josephson Arrays as Radiation Sources (incl. Josephson Laser) 1207HuabingWang
11.2 Tunable Microwave Devices 1226Neeraj Khare
12 Summary and Outlook 1233Herbert C. Freyhardt
Index 1243