BIOFLUID MECHANICS (2ND ED)

by Jagannath Mazumdar

Overview

Biofluid mechanics is the study of a certain class of biological problems from the viewpoint of fluid mechanics. Though biofluid mechanics does not involve any new development of the general principles of fluid mechanics, it does involve some new applications of its methods. Complex movements of fluids in the biological system demand for an analysis achievable only with professional fluid mechanics skills, and this volume aims to equip readers with the knowledge needed.This second edition is an enlarged version of the book published in 1992. While retaining the general plan of the first edition, this new edition presents an engineering analysis of the cardiovascular system relevant to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and combines engineering principles. Included in the material of this volume are: the emerging interdisciplinary field of tissue engineering, which deals with the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain and improve tissue function, and cellular and molecular bioengineering, which involves the mechanical, electrical and chemical processes of the human cell and tries to explain how cellular behaviour arises from molecular-level interactions.The added material in this edition is specifically designed for biomedical engineering professionals and students, and looks at the important applications of biofluid mechanics from an engineering perspective.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789814719018
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	12/08/2015
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	264
File size:	11 MB
Note:	This product may take a few minutes to download.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition xiii

Preface to the First Edition xv

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 A Basic Introduction 1

1.1.1 Viscosity 2

1.1.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 3

1.1.3 Compressible and Incompressible Flow 3

1.2 Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics 4

1.2.1 Continuity Equation 4

1.2.2 Equations of Motion 6

1.3 Simplification of Basic Equations 10

1.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions 13

1.5 Dimensional Analysis in Fluid Mechanics 14

Chapter 2 Circulatory Biofluid Mechanics

2.1 General Introduction 17

2.2 The Circulatory System 18

2.2.1 Introduction 18

2.2.2 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 18

2.2.3 The Circulation in the Heart 21

2.3 Diseases Related to Circulation 25

Chapter 3 Blood Rheology: Properties of Flowing Blood

3.1 General Introduction 29

3.2 Blood Composition 30

3.3 Structure of Blood 31

3.4 Flow Properties of Blood 33

3.4.1 Viscosity of Blood 33

3.4.2 Yield Stress of Blood 34

3.5 Blood Vessel Structure 36

3.5.1 Arteries and Arterioles 37

3.5.2 Veins and Venules 37

3.5.3 Capillaries 37

3.6 Diseases Related to Obstruction of Blood Flow 37

3.6.1 Thrombus Formation 38

3.6.2 Embolus 38

3.6.3 Compression 39

3.6.4 Structural Changes 39

3.6.5 Vasosp as ms 39

Chapter 4 Models of Biofluid Flows

4.1 Flows in Pipes and Ducts 41

4.1.1 Introduction 41

4.1.2 Developing and Fully Developed Flow 42

4.2 Models of Blood Flows 44

4.2.1 Introduction 44

4.2.2 Poiseuillc's Flow 45

4.3 Consequence of Poiseuille's Flow 48

4.4 Applications of Poiseuille's Law for the Study of Blood Flow 48

4.5 Pulsatile Flow 52

4.6 Furthei Discussion on Pulsatile Flow 56

4.7 The Pulse Wave 59

4.8 Mones-Korteweg Expression for Wave Velocity in an Inviscid Fluid-Filled Elastic Cylindrical Tube 61

4.9 Applications in the Cardiovascular System 63

4.10 Wave Propagation Accounting for Viscosity and its Application to Cardiac Output Determination 65

4.11 Flow Through a Converging-Diverging Duct 69

Chapter 5 Non-Newtonian Fluids

5.1 General Introduction 77

5.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids 78

5.3 Time Independent Fluids 78

5.3.1 Power-Law Fluids 79

5.3.2 Bingham Fluids 80

5.3.3 Other Special Non-Newtonian Fluids 80

5.4 Time Dependent Fluids 81

5.5 Viscoelastic Fluids 81

5.6 Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids 81

5.6.1 Power-Law Model 82

5.6.2 Herschel-Bulkley Model 85

5.6.3 Casson Model 88

5.6.4 Further Analysis of the Casson Model 91

5.7 Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Elastic Tubes 92

5.7.1 Powei-Law Model Using Linear Elastic Theory 94

5.7.2 Casson Model Using Linear Elastic Theory 100

Chapter 6 Models for Other Flows

6.1 Introduction 103

6.2 The Krogh Model of Oxygen Diffusion from Blood Vessel to Tissue 104

6.2.1 Capillary Blood Vessel Region 106

6.2.2 Tissue Region 107

6.2.3 Boundary Conditions 107

6.2.1 Krogh's Steady-State Model 107

6.2.5 Blum's Steady-State Model 109

6.3 Fluid Flow in Kidneys 111

6.3.1 Introduction 111

6.3.2 Diffusion Process in the Haemodialyser 111

6.3.3 Flow in the Renal Tubule 114

6.4 Flow Measurement by indicator Dilution Method 117

6.4.1 Introduction 117

6.4.2 Measurement of Flow 117

6.5 Peristaltic Flows 120

6.5.1 Introduction 120

6.5.2 Peristaltic Motion in a Cylindrical Tube 120

6.5.3 Long-Wavelength Analysis 123

Chapter 7 Fluid Mechanics of Heart Valves

7.1 General introduction 127

7.2 A Brief Description of the Heart Valves 129

7.3 Prosthetic Heart Valves 132

7.3.1 History of Valve Replacement 132

7.3.2 Thrombosis and Thromboembolism 135

7.3.3 Haemolysis 137

7.3.4 Endothelial Damage 138

7.3.5 Tissue Overgrowth 138

Chapter 8 Computational Biofluid Mechanics

8.1 Introduction 139

8.2 Mathematical Modelling 141

8.3 Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow Models 143

8.4 Turbulence Models 144

8.5 Computational Methods for the Study of Flow Through Prosthetic Heart Valves 146

8.6 Laminar Flow Model Through a Prosthesis 149

8.6.1 Problem Formulation 149

8.6.2 Finite Difference Formulation 153

8.6.3 Numerical Solution 155

8.7 Turbulent Flow Model Through a Ball Prosthesis 160

8.7.1 Introduction 160

8.7.2 Model Formulation 160

8.7.3 Coordinate System Generation 167

8.7.4 Finite Difference Formulation 170

8.7.5 Numerical Solution 171

8.7.6 Remark 174

8.8 Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications to Cardiovascular Health Assessment 176

8.8.1 Introduction 176

8.8.2 Computing Framework for the Assessment of Haemodynamics 179

8.8.3 Medical Imaging and Anatomical Reconstruction 180

8.8.4 Reconstructing Surface Mesh and Boundary Conditions 183

8.8.5 Haemodynamics Performance Indicators 187

8.8.6 Concluding Remarks 190

Chapter 9 Tissue Engineering

9.1 Introduction 193

9.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 194

9.2.1 Introduction 194

9.2.2 Collagen 196

9.2.3 Proteoglycan 197

9.2.4 Chondrocyte 197

9.3 Mathematical Model of the ECM in Tissue Engineering Study 198

9.3.1 Chemical Potential 201

9.3.2 Entropic Contributions to Chemical Potentials (μ^S_j) 201

9.3.3 Internal Energy Contributions to Chemical Potentials (μ^S_j) 202

9.3.4 Interface Conditions 203

9.3.5 Ionised-species Chemistry 204

9.4 Experimental Methods 204

9.4.1 Comparison of Model Outcomes with Experiments: Parameter Estimation 206

9.5 Effect of Structural and Environmental Fluctuations on Equilibrium ECM Configuration 207

9.5.1 Effects of Changes in Ionisation, Cross-links 207

9.5.2 Effects of Changes in the Bath Salt Concentration 209

9.5.3 Effects of Changes in the Bath pH 209

9.5.4 Concluding Remarks 211

Chapter 10 Cellular Engineering

10.1 Introduction 213

10.2 System Dynamical Model Building for the Epigenetic Mechanism 215

10.3 Ontogenesis 220

10.3.1 Steady State and Linearisation 222

10.3.2 Pattern in Cylindrical Shaped Model Embryo 224

10.4 Concluding Remarks on Tissue Engineering (TE) and Cellular Engineering (CE) 231

Glossary 233

Bibliography 237

Index 245