Biopolymers and Biotech Admixtures for Eco-Efficient Construction Materials

by Fernando Pacheco-Torgal, Volodymyr Ivanov, Niranjan Karak, Henk Jonkers

Overview

Since 1930 more than 100,000 new chemical compounds have been developed and insufficient information exists on the health assessment of 95 percent of these chemicals in which a relevant percentage are used in construction products. For instance Portland cement concrete, the most used material on the Planet (10.000 million tons/year that in the next 40 years will increase around 100 %) currently used in around 15% of total concrete production contains chemicals used to modify their properties, either in the fresh or hardened state.

Biopolymers are materials that are developed from natural resources. They reduce dependence on fossil fuels and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. There is a worldwide demand to replace petroleum-based materials with renewable resources.

Currently bio-admixtures represent just a small fraction of the chemical admixtures market (around 20%) but with environmental awareness for constituents in construction materials generally growing (the Construction Products Regulation is being enforced in Europe since 2013), the trend towards bio-admixtures is expected to continue.

This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on biopolymers and their influence and use as admixtures in the development of eco-efficient construction materials.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780081002148
Publisher:	Elsevier Science
Publication date:	01/12/2016
Series:	Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering
Pages:	464
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Dr. F. Pacheco-Torgal is a principal investigator at the University of Minho, in Portugal. He currently holds the title of Counsellor from the Portuguese Engineers Association and has authored more than 300 publications. He is a member of the editorial boards for 9 international journals. He has acted as a foreign expert in the evaluation of 30 PhD theses. In the last 10 years he has been a Member of the Scientific Committee for almost 60 conferences most of them in Asian countries. He is also a grant assessor for several scientific institutions in 15 countries including the UK, US, Netherlands, China, France, Australia, Kazakhstan, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Chile, Saudi Arabia, UA. Emirates, Croatia, Poland, and the EU Commission. He has also been an invited reviewer for 125 international journals and has reviewed almost 1200 papers and has been the lead editor of 27 books.

Dr. Volodymyr Ivanov has more than 40 years of teaching and research experience on Environmental, Industrial, and Construction Microbiology and Biotechnology in the universities of Europe, Asia, and USA. He has authored 200 papers, patents, book chapters and 8 monographs. His textbook “Environmental Microbiology for Engineers”, Francis & Taylor, 1st (2010) and 2nd (2015) editions, has been adopted for graduate and post-graduate courses in many universities. His research experience includes the supervision and participation in numerous projects on biotechnologies with biofilms and biogranules, microbial transformations of iron, biocementation, bioclogging, bioremediation of soil, and microbiological monitoring of water quality.

Niranjan Karak is Professor of Polymer Science and Technology and Head of the Chemical Sciences Department at Tezpur University, India. He has published over 87 research papers, two books and two chapters in two edited books, and also regularly acts as a reviewer for many international polymer journals.

Henk Jonkers is a leading researcher and expert on self-healing bio-concrete and the sustainability Chair Leader of the Materials and Environment section in the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

Table of Contents

List of contributors xi

Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering xv

Foreword xix

1 Introduction to biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials F. Pacheco-Torgal 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials 2

1.3 Outline of the book 5

References 7

Section 1 Production of biopolymers for eco-efficient construction materials 11

2 Basic concepts on biopolymers and biotechnological admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials V. Ivanov V. Stabnikov 13

2.1 Construction biotechnology 13

2.2 The types of biopolymers 15

2.3 Microbial polysaccharides and their applications in civil engineering 17

2.4 Bioclogging of soil using in situ production of microbial polysaccharides 19

2.5 Microbial plastics for civil engineering 21

2.6 Biocements and biogrouts 22

2.7 Conclusions 28

References 29

3 Biotechnological production of biopolymers and admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials V. Stabnikov V. Ivanov 37

3.1 Biotechnology for the production of construction materials 37

3.2 Biotechnological production of bioplastics for construction 42

3.3 Biotechnological production of polysaccharide admixtures 44

3.4 Biotechnological production of biocements and biogrouts 46

3.5 Conclusions 51

References 52

4 Life cycle assessment of biopolymers A.D. La Rosa 57

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Biopolymers 58

4.3 Life cycle assessment (LCA) method and models 63

4.4 LCA of biopolymers 67

4.5 Future research trends and conclusion 74

References 75

Section 2 Biopolymers and biotech admixtures in cement and mortars 79

5 Biotech admixtures for enhancing portland cement hydration A. Vazquez T.M. Pique 81

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Portland cement hydration 82

5.3 Biotech admixtures 83

5.4 Summary and future trends 96

References 96

6 Black liquor waste as a cement admixture or cement and concrete admixtures H.H.M. Darweesh 99

6.1 Introduction 99

6.2 Air-entraining admixtures 99

6.3 Plasticizers 102

6.4 Superplasticizers 105

6.5 Retarders 108

6.6 Accelerators 109

6.7 Black liquor waste 112

6.8 Water-resisting admixtures 121

6.9 Conclusion 126

6.10 Future trends 126

Cement notation 127

Acknowledgements 127

References 127

7 High-performance superplasticizer based on chitosan S.H. Lv 131

7.1 Introduction 131

7.2 Structure and properties of chitosan 133

7.3 High-performance superplasticizer based on chitosan 134

7.4 Dispersion capacity characterization of the chitosan superplasticizer 137

7.5 Adsorption properties of SCS on the cement surface 140

7.6 The application results of SCS in concrete 142

7.7 Microstructure characterization of hardened cement paste 144

7.8 Working mechanism of SCS 145

7.9 Conclusion and future research trends 147

References 148

8 Microorganism-based bioplasticizer for cementitious materials F. Martirena Y. Rodriguez-Rodriguez A. Callico Y. Diaz G. Bracho A. Hereira J.O. Guerra de Leon L. Sorelli Y. Alvarado-Capó 151

8.1 Introduction 151

8.2 Efficient microorganisms and their use in construction 152

8.3 EM characterization 152

8.4 EM as plasticizer in cement 155

8.5 EM as plasticizer in concrete 160

8.6 Assessment of the impact of EM on the microstructure of concrete 163

8.7 EM as viscosity modifier in concrete 166

8.8 Conclusions 169

References 169

9 Fly ash-based geopolymer with kappa-carrageenan biopolymer Z. Li L. Zhang 173

9.1 Introduction 173

9.2 Experimental study 177

9.3 Results 179

9.4 Discussion 185

9.5 Conclusions and suggestions for future work 187

References 187

Section 3 Biopolymers and biotech admixtures in concrete 193

10 Biopolymers with superplasticizer properties for concrete U.T. Bezerra

10.1 Introduction 195

10.2 Biopolymers with superplasticizer properties 203

10.3 Use of biopolymers in concrete: case studies 216

10.4 Final considerations 217

References 218

11 Biopolymers with viscosity-enhancing properties for concrete P.F. de J. Cano-Barrita F.M. León-Martínez 221

11.1 Introduction 221

11.2 Basic concepts of rheology and viscosity-enhancing admixtures 222

11.3 Biopolymers in current used as viscosity-enhancing admixtures 229

11.4 Biopolymers with potential for future use as viscosity-enhancing admixtures 240

11.5 Future trends 247

References 248

12 Biotech solutions for concrete repair with enhanced durability H.M. Jankers R.M. Mors M.G. Sierra-Beltran V. Wiktor 253

12.1 Introduction 253

12.2 Biotechnological strategies for durable repair of concrete

Structures 253

12.3 Bacterial production of limestone in alkaline environments 254

12.4 Liquid bacteria-based system for durable repair of porous concrete structures 259

12.5 Biobased mortar systems for structural repair of concrete defects 263

12.6 Conclusions and future trends 267

Acknowledgments 268

References 268

Section 4 Other biopolymer applications 273

13 Rigid biofoam composites as eco-efficient construction materials V. Chevali E. Kandare 275

13.1 Introduction 275

13.2 Rigid foams 277

13.3 Foam processing 283

13.4 Foam morphology and characterisation 285

13.5 Rigid foam composites 289

13.6 Environmental impact 294

13.7 Application case studies 297

13.8 Conclusions and future trends 298

References 298

14 Biopolymers for wood preservation S. Patachia C. Croitoru 305

14.1 Introduction 305

14.2 Wood preservation mechanisms 306

14.3 Examples of biopolymer wood preservatives 311

14.4 Conclusions and future trends 326

References 327

15 Biopolymers for paints and surface coatings N. Karak 333

15.1 Introduction 333

15.2 Concept of biopolymers in paints and coatings 334

15.3 Naturally obtained biopolymers used in paints and coatings 335

15.4 Background and importance of biobased polymers 340

15.5 Biobased polymers used for paintings and coatings 341

15.6 Manufacturing of painls and coatings from biobased polymers 363

15.7 Conclusions and future trends 364

References 365

16 Bio-based adhesives J.-D. Mathias M. Grédiac P. Michaud 369

16.1 Introduction 369

16.2 Testing bioadhesives 370

16.3 Bioadhesive species 375

16.4 Discussion and conclusions 380

References 382

17 Biopolymers as biofilters and biobarriers M.A. Ashraf S. Batool M. Ahmad M. Sarfraz W.S.A.W.M. Noor 387

17.1 Introduction 387

17.2 Mechanism 390

17.3 Schematic view of contaminant removal by biobarrier 393

17.4 Monitoring the performance of a biolilter/biobarrier 393

17.5 Characterization of biopolymers as a supporter 402

17.6 Removal of contaminants from wastewater 410

17.7 Future trends 414

Acknowledgment 415

References 415

18 Biopolymers for superhydrophobic photocatalytic coatings A.Z.M. Rus 421

18.1 Introduction 421

18.2 Survey of approaches to biopolymers from renewable resources 422

18.3 Development of biopolymer from renewable resources 423

18.4 Service life of biopolymers 426

18.5 Modification of biopolymers using fillers 427

18.6 Titanium dioxide as polymer stabilization and photocatalysis agent 429

18.7 Biopolymers as superhydrophobic photocatalytic coatings 430

18.8 Conclusions and future trends 444

References 444

Index 449

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

This book provides an updated state of the art review on the use of biopolymers and biotech admixtures in eco-efficient construction materials

Editorial Reviews

"The book provides basic concepts, production aspects and environmental impact assessment on the use of biopolymers and biotech admixtures ... It provides new knowledge, is well structured, really up-to-date, and has an enormous number of references." —Professor Lech Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, Poland (from the foreword)

From the Publisher