Table of Contents
I. General Statistical Concepts
1. Why study biostatistics?
1.1 What is biostatistics?
1.2 How is biostatistics useful for oncologists
2. Summarizing and Graphing Data
2.1 Types of data
2.1.1 Quantitative data
2.1.1.1 Discrete data
2.1.1.2 Continuous data
2.1.2 Qualitative data
2.1.2.1 Nominal data
2.1.2.2 Ordinal categorical data
2.2 Data summaries
2.2.1 Measures of Central Tendency
2.2.1.1 Mean
2.2.1.2 Median
2.2.1.3 Mode
2.2.2 Measures of Dispersion
2.2.2.1 Standard deviation
2.2.2.2 Interquartile range
2.3 Statistical Graphs
2.3.1 Histogram
2.3.2 Box Plot
2.3.3 Scatter plot
3. Sampling
3.1 Populations and Sample
3.2 Simple Random Sample
3.3 Other Sampling Methods
4. Statistical Estimation
4.1 Some basic distributions
4.1.1 Normal distribution
4.1.1.1 Central limit theorem
4.1.1.2 Student’s T-distribution
4.1.1.3 Standard error of the mean
4.1.2 Binomial distribution
4.1.3 Poisson distribution
4.2 Estimations
4.2.1 Point estimates
4.2.2 Confidence intervals
II. Important Statistical Concept for Oncologists
5. Hypothesis testing
5.1 Type I & Type II Errors
5.1.1 Type I Error
5.1.2 Type II Error
5.1.3 Alpha (α)
5.1.4 Beta (β)
5.2 p-values
5.3 T-Tests
5.3.1 One-Tailed versus Two-Tailed
5.3.2 Independent Samples
5.3.3 Paired Data
5.4 Wilcoxon Tests
5.4.1 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
5.4.2 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
5.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
5.6 Testing Binomial Proportions
5.7 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests: How are they related?
5.8 Sensitivity and Specificity
5.8.1 Negative Predictive Value
5.8.2 Positive Predictive Value
5.8.3 Positive Likelihood Ratio
5.8.4 Negative Likelihood Ratio
6. Correlation and Regression
6.1 Correlation
6.1.1 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
6.1.2 Spearman Rank Correlation
6.2 Regression
6.2.1 Simple Linear Regression
6.2.2 Multiple Linear Regression
6.2.3 Logistic Regression
7. Categorical Data Analysis
7.1 Contingency Tables
7.1.1 2 x 2 Tables
7.1.2 RxC Tables
7.1.3 Fisher’s Exact Test
7.1.4 Chi-Square Test
7.1.5 Chi-Square Test versus Logistic Regression
7.2 Effect Size Estimators
7.2.1 Relative Risk
7.2.2 Odds Ratio
7.2.3 Relative Risk versus Odds Ratio
7.3 McNemar’s Test
7.4 Mantel-Haenszel Method
7.4.1 Homogeneity Test
7.4.2 Summary Odds Ratio
8. Survival Analysis Methods
8.1 Time-to-event Data
8.2 Kaplan-Meier Curves
8.3 Log-Rank Test
8.4 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
8.5 Cox Proportional Hazards Model
9. Guide to choosing the appropriate statistical test
10. Non-inferiority Analysis
III. Basics of Epidemiology
11. Study Designs
11.1 Experimental Studies
11.1.1 Clinical Trials
11.1.1.1 Common Outcomes for Clinical Trials in Oncology
11.1.1.2 Phase I Clinical Trials
11.1.1.3 Phase II Clinical Trials
11.1.1.4 Phase III Clinical Trials
11.1.1.5 Phase IV Clinical Trials
11.1.1.6 Meta-analysis
11.1.2 Field Trials
11.1.3 Community Intervention Trials
11.2 Non-experimental Studies
11.2.1 Cohort Studies
11.2.2 Case-Control Studies
11.2.3 Cohort Studies versus Case-Control Studies
11.2.4 Cross-Sectional Studies
11.2.5 Matched Studies
11.3 Analysis of Studies
11.3.1 Crude Analysis
11.3.2 Bias
11.3.2.1 Selection Bias
11.3.2.2 Measurement Bias
11.3.3 Confounding
11.3.4 Stratified Analysis
11.3.5 Effect Modification
11.4 Connections to Regression
11.5 Sample Size
