Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 6
Preface 7
Using this book 8
What is an orchid? 12
Photosynthesis and the relationship with fungi 12
Orchid structure 13
Pollination strategies and seed dispersal 16
Growth strategies and longevity 17
Glossary 10
Orchid taxonomy 18
Habitats 24
Finding orchids 35
Photography and recording 37
When flowering 36
Annual growth cycle 38
Orchids in their habitats 40
Identifying orchids 51
Identifying orchids in leaf 52
Guide to British and Irish orchids in leaf when mature 54
Identifying orchids in bud 76
Identifying orchids in flower 80
The Species Accounts (see over) 101
Orchid hybrids 248
Cephalanthera helleborine hybrids 250
Epipactis helleborine hybrids 250
Butterfly-orchid hybrids 253
Fragrant-orchid hybrids 254
Small-white Orchid hybrids 260
Dactylorhiza orchid hybrids 261
Orchis orchid hybrids 270
Ophrys orchid hybrids 272
Extinct and adventive species 274
Threats and conservation 278
List of British and Irish orchids 282
Artwork and photographic credits 284
References 285
Sources of further information 286
Index 287