The history of domestic labor markets in 19th century America
From the era of Irish Famine migration to the passage of quota restrictions in the 1920s, household domestic service was the single largest employer of women in the United States, and, in California, a pivotal occupation for male Chinese immigrants. Servants of both sexes accounted for eight percent of the total labor force – about one million people. In Brokering Servitude, Andrew Urban offers a history of these domestic servants, focusing on how Irish immigrant women, Chinese immigrant men, and American-born black women navigated the domestic labor market in the nineteenth century – a market in which they were forced to grapple with powerful racial and gendered discrimination.
Through vivid examples like how post-famine Irish immigrants were enlisted to work as servants in exchange for relief, this book examines how race, citizenship, and the performance of domestic labor relate to visions of American expansion. Because household service was undesirable work stigmatized as unfree, brokers were integral to steering and compelling women, men, and children into this labor. By the end of the nineteenth century, the federal government became a major broker of domestic labor through border controls, and immigration officials became important actors in dictating which workers were available for domestic labor and under what conditions they could be contracted.
Drawing on a range of sources – from political cartoons to immigrant case files to novels – Brokering Servitude connects Asian immigration, European immigration, and internal, black migration. The book ultimately demonstrates the ways in which employers pitted these groups against each other in competition for not only servant positions, but also certain forms of social inclusion, offering important insights into an oft-overlooked area of American history.
Andrew Urban is Assistant Professor of American Studies and History at Rutgers University. His next project explores the history of Seabrook Farms, an agribusiness and company town in southern New Jersey that recruited interned Japanese Americans, guestworkers from the British West Indies, and European refugees during the 1940s.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
A Note on Language xiii
Introduction 1
1 Liberating Free Labor: Vere Foster and Assisted Irish Emigration, 1850-1865 29
2 Humanitarianism's Markets: Brokering the Domestic Labor of Black Refugees, 1861-1872 64
3 Chinese Servants and the American Colonial Imagination: Domesticity and Opposition to Restriction, 1865-1882 99
4 Controlling and Protecting White Women: The State and Sentimental Forms of Coercion, 1850-1917 138
5 Bonded Chinese Servants: Domestic Labor and Exclusion, 1882-1924 188
6 Race and Reform: Domestic Service, the Great Migration, and European Quotas, 1891-1924 223
