Chemistry of Atmospheres: An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Atmospheres of Earth, the Planets, and their Satellites / Edition 3

by Richard P. Wayne

Overview

Atmospheric chemistry has been the focus of much research activity in recent years, and there is now heightened public awareness of the environmental issues in which it plays a part.

In a clear, readable style, this important book looks at the insights and interpretations afforded by the research, and places in context the exciting, dramatic, and sometimes disturbing findings.

Like its highly successful predecessor, this new edition lays down the principles of atmospheric chemistry and provides the necessary background for more detailed study. The text has been thoroughly revised and expanded throughout to take into account recent advances in atmospheric science that include a host of new atmospheric measurements, extended laboratory experiments, ever more sophisticated models, and ingenious interpretations of the phenomena. Heterogeneous processes are now known to be of great significance in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere, and new sections of the book discuss the influence o such processes on both the stratosphere and the troposphere. A major eruption, that of Mount Pinatubo, has highlighted how volcanoes can influence 'natural' atmospheric chemistry, and the opportunity is taken to examine the effects of the gases and particles produced in such eruptions. The startling discovery of the 'Antarctic ozone hole' has now been matched by observations of similar ozone losses in the Arctic; both phenomena are explored in more depth than before, and the whole question of trends in stratospheric ozone concentrations is updated. New topics in tropospheric chemistry that are discussed in this edition for the first time include the atmospheric chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons, of aromatic compounds, and of halogens and halogen-containing species.

Several aspects have been added to the examination of air pollution, including the effects of biomass burning. Rapid changes in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, apparently a result of man's activities, are apparently even having an effect on global climate, and recent assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are presented in this context. Air transport continues to expand, and the influence of aircraft on atmospheric chemistry and, indeed, on climate has excited interest that is explained here. Moving away from Earth, information gathered by the Voyager, Galileo, and other space missions, which have provided a new understanding of the atmosphere of the planets other than our own, is also discussed and brought up to date.

This book does not attempt to suggest answers to the environmental problems facing us, but it lays the foundations for the study of atmospheric chemistry on which rational decisions will need to be based. A multidisciplinary approach is taken throughout in order to highlight the interplay between the atmosphere of a planet and other parts of the environment. This feature makes the book full of interest for chemists, physicists, biologists, and other scientists alike, and accessible to all of them. Readers will find the book an excellent introduction to an exciting topic, and a fascinating source of information about a part of science that is proving to be of key importance.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780198503750
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
Publication date:	03/30/2000
Edition description:	REV
Pages:	806
Product dimensions:	9.10(w) x 6.46(h) x 1.57(d)

About the Author

Richard P. Wayne is Dr Lee's Reader in Chemistry at Christ Church, Oxford, and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford.

Table of Contents

1. Chemical composition: a preliminary survey1.1. Earth's atmosphere in perspective1.2. Land, sea, and air1.3. Particles, aerosols, and clouds1.4. Ozone1.5. Cyclic processes1.5.1. Carbon cycle1.5.2. Oxygen cycle1.5.3. Nitrogen cycle1.5.4. Sulphur cycle1.6. Linking biosphere and atmosphere2. Atmospheric behavior as interpreted by physics2.1. Pressures2.2. Radiative heating2.2.1. Solar and planetary radiation2.2.2. Radiation trapping: the 'greenhouse effect'2.2.3. Models of radiation trapping and transfer2.2.4. Trapping in real atmospheres2.2.5. Unstable greenhouses: Venus, Earth, and Mars compared2.2.6. Diurnal and seasonal variations2.3. Temperature profiles2.3.1. Troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere2.3.2. Thermosphere, exosphere, and escape2.3.3. Vertical transport2.4. Winds2.5. Condensation and nucleation2.6. Light scattering3. Photochemistry and kinetics applied to atmospheres3.1. Photochemical change3.2. Photochemical primary processes3.2.1. Photodissociation and photoionization3.2.2. Reactions of electronically excited species3.3. Adiabatic processes and the correlation rules3.4. Chemical kinetics3.4.1. Bimolecular reactions3.4.2. Unimolecular and termolecular reactions3.4.3. Condensed-phase, surface, and heterogeneous reactions3.4.4.. Liquid-phase reactions3.4.5. Heterogeneous reactions3.5. Multistep reaction schemes3.6. Models of atmospheric chemistry3.6.1. Lifetimes and transport3.6.2. Modelling and models3.6.3. Numerical models3.6.4. Families4. Ozone in Earth's stratosphere4.1. Introduction4.2. Observations4.3. Oxygen-only chemistry4.3.1. Reaction scheme4.3.2. Chapman layers4.3.3. Comparison of experiment and theory4.4. Influence of trace constituents4.4.1. Catalytic cycles4.4.2. Null cycles, holding cycles, and reservoirs4.4.3. Natural source sand sinks of catalytic species4.4.4. Heterogeneous chemistry4.4.5. Summary of homogeneous chemistry4.4.6. Comparison of experiment and theory4.5. Perturbations of the stratosphere4.5.1. Solar proton events4.5.2. Solar ultraviolet irradiance4.5.3. Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)4.5.4. El Ni-no4.5.5. Volcanoes4.6. Man's impact on the stratosphere4.6.1. Consequences of ozone perturbation4.6.2. Aircraft4.6.3. Rockets and the space shttle4.6.4. Halocarbons: basic chemistry4.6.5. Halocarbons: loading and ozone depletion potentials4.6.6. Halocarbons: control, legislation, and alternatives4.6.7. Halocarbons: future ozone depletions4.6.8. Nitrous oxide (N[2O): agriculture4.6.9. Combined influences: gases, particles, and climate4.7. Polar ozone holes4.7.1. Discovery of abnormal depletion4.7.2. Special features of polar meteorology4.7.3. Anomalous chemical composition4.7.4. Polar stratospheric clouds4.7.5. Perturbed chemistry4.7.6. Origin of chlorine compounds; dynamics4.7.7. The Arctic stratosphere4.7.8. Implications of polar phenomena4.8. Ozone variations and trends5. The Earth's troposphere5.1. Introduction5.2. Sources, sinks, and transport5.2.1. Dry and wet deposition5.2.2. The boundary layer5.2.3. Transport in the troposphere5.3. Oxidation and transformation5.3.1. Photochemical chain initiation5.3.2. Oxidation steps5.3.3. Tropospheric ozone production5.3.4. The importance of NO[x5.3.5. The reaction OH + CO5.3.6. The nitrate readical5.3.7. Reactions with ozone5.4. Biogenic volatile organic compounds5.4.1. Methane5.4.2. Non-methane hydrocarbons and other compounds5.5.. Aromatic compounds5.6. Compounds of sulfur5.7. Natural halogen-containing species5.8. Heterogeneous processes and cloud chemistry5.9. Models, observations, and comparisons5.9.1. Tropospheric models5.9.2. Tropospheric measurements of trace species5.9.35.10. Comparison of measurements and model predictiosnAir pollution5.10.1. Clean and polluted air5.10.2. Effects of pollution5.10.3. Primary and secondary pollutants5.10.4. Sulphur dioxide chemistry5.10.5. Smoke and sulphur pollution5.10.6. Acid rain5.10.7. Photochemical ozone and smog5.10.8. Degradation of HFCs and HCFCs5.10.9. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)5.10.10. Biomass burning6. Ions in the atmosphere6.1. Electrical charges in the atmosphere6.1.1. Aurora6.1.2. Geomagnetic fluctuations6.1.3. Radio propagation6.2. Ion chemistry in the atmosphere6.3. Ionization mechanisms6.4. Chemistry of specific regions6.4.1. F-region processes6.4.2. E-region processes6.4.3. D-region positive ion chemistry6.4.4. D-region negative-ion chemistry6.5. Ions in the stratosphere and troposphere7. The airglow7.1. Optical emission from planetary atmospheres7.2. Excitation mechanisms7.3. Airglow intensities and altitude profiles7.4. Specific emission sources7.4.1. Atomic and molecular oxygen7.4.2. Atomic sodium7.4.3. Hydroxyl radicals8. Extraterrestrial atmospheres8.1. Introduction8.2. Venus8.2.1. Atmospheric composition8.2.2. Clouds8.2.3. Lightning8.2.4. Sub-cloud chemistry8.2.5. Stratospheric chemistry8.3. Mars8.3.1. Atmospheric structure and composition8.3.2. Carbon dioxide photochemistry8.3.3. Ionospheric chemistry8.4. Jupiter and Saturn8.5. Titan, Io, Europa, and Callisto8.6. Uranus, Neptune, Triton, and Pluto8.7. Comets9. Evolution and change in atmospheres and climates9.1. Sources of atmospheric constituents9.1.1.. Origin and development of atmospheres9.1.2. Interstellar clouds and their chemistry9.2. Noble gases and nitrogen in planetary atmospheres9.2.1.. Inner planets9.2.2. Titan9.3. Isotopic enrichment9.4. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere9.5. Climates in the past9.6. Climates of the future9.6.1. Radiatively active gases and particles in the atmosphere9.6.2. Radiative forcing9.6.3. Feedbacks and models9.6.4. Detection of twentieth-century climate change9.6.5. Projected changes in concentrations forcing and climate9.6.6. Aircraft9.6.7. Impacts of climate change9.6.8. Legislation and policy9.7. A doomed biosphere? Each chapter ends with a BibliographyIndex