Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins / Edition 1 available in Hardcover, eBook
Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 3110333031
- ISBN-13:
- 9783110333039
- Pub. Date:
- 08/28/2015
- Publisher:
- De Gruyter
- ISBN-10:
- 3110333031
- ISBN-13:
- 9783110333039
- Pub. Date:
- 08/28/2015
- Publisher:
- De Gruyter
Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins / Edition 1
Buy New
$230.00-
PICK UP IN STORE
Your local store may have stock of this item.
Available within 2 business hours
Overview
In Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins the editors have assembled contributions from a team of international experts to expand the framework for an appropriate assessment of climate change impacts on aquatic toxins. While the production of toxins by microalgae has been known for decades, establishing a factual link supported by scientific evidence is a very complex endeavor. The increasing frequency and distribution of toxic blooms for example continue to raise serious concerns regarding seafood and drinking water safety. This book compiles current evidence on the influence of climate change on the spreading of toxin producing species in aquatic systems. The chemistry and biology of toxin production is revised and an outlook on control and prevention of the toxin's impact on human and animal health is given.
•Compelling quantitative evidence of complex interactions from primary toxin producers and along the food chain.
•Latest advances on prediction and prevention of water toxin threats to human and animal health.
•A must read for insights into aquatic toxins and their modification by climatic conditions.
About the Editors
Luis M. Botana Is a full Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Santiago, from 2004-2012 director of the Department of Pharmacology and former Fogarty Fellow at the School of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University. He has been director of the European Reference Laboratory for Marine Toxins from 2004 to 2009. He is author of 25 international patents, over 300 scientific papers and editor of 10 international books.
M. Carmen LouzaoIs a Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Santiago de Compostela since 1997. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) from 1994 to 1995. She is author of over 70 scientific publications in the field of Toxicology, Biochemistry, and Immunology and 20 reviews and book chapters.
Natalia VilariñoCurrently teaches Pharmacology to Veterinary Medicine students and participates actively in the research activities of the Department of Pharmacology, University of Santiago de Compostela, since 2005. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center for 4 years. She is author of over 50 scientific papers in the fields of Toxicology, Analytical Chemistry and Immunology.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783110333039 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | De Gruyter |
| Publication date: | 08/28/2015 |
| Pages: | 508 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.69(w) x 9.45(h) x 0.05(d) |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Prof. Luis M. Botana, Prof. Natalia Vilariño and Prof. M. Carmen Louzao, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
Table of Contents
Preface v
List of contributing authors xv
1 Variability and trends of global sea ice cover and sea level: effects on physicochemical parameters Josefino C. Comiso 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Variability and trends of global sea ice 2
1.2.1 Arctic Region 5
1.2.2 Antarctic Region 8
1.3 Variability and trends in sea level 12
1.3.1 Contributions from warming oceans 13
1.3.2 Contributions from glaciers, ice sheets and others 15
1.4 Effects on physicochemical parameters 19
1.4.1 Large-scale changes in surface temperature 19
1.4.2 Large-scale changes in plankton concentration and primary productivity 20
1.4.3 Changes in other physicochemical parameters 26
1.5 Discussion and conclusions 29
2 New techniques in environment monitoring Begoña Espiña Marta Prado Stephanie Vial Verónica C. Martins José Rivas Paulo P. Freitas 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 In situ harmful algal bloom monitoring 36
2.2.1 Optical remote sensing 36
2.2.2 Automated monitoring 38
2.2.3 HABs sampling based on absorption 42
2.3 Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry 44
2.4 Biosensors for HABs monitoring 46
2.4.1 Optical biosensors 49
2.4.2 Electrochemical biosensors 51
2.4.3 Mass biosensors 51
2.4.4 Magnetic-based biosensors 52
2.5 Advances in nanotechnology for HAB detection 53
2.5.1 Nanoparticles 54
2.5.2 Analytical nano-applications 55
2.6 Molecular biology-based techniques for HABs detection 64
2.6.1 Overview 64
2.6.2 DNA/RNA targets 65
2.6.3 Hybridization-based techniques 70
2.6.4 Amplification-based techniques 72
2.6.5 Aptamers for toxin detection 75
2.7 Future perspectives 76
3 Responses of marine animals to ocean acidification Mikko Nikinmaa Katja Anttila 99
3.1 Introduction 99
3.2 What causes ocean acidification 99
3.2.1 Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide loading 100
3.2.2 Influence of primary production 101
3.2.3 Carbon balance in coastal areas 101
3.2.4 Interactions between temperature changes and ocean acidification 102
3.3 Processes of animals that are expected to be affected 102
3.3.1 pH regulation 102
3.3.2 Calcification 107
3.3.3 Development 108
3.3.4 Oxygen transport and metabolism 110
3.3.5 Behavior 114
3.4 Conclusions 115
4 Alexandrium spp.: genetic and ecological factors influencing saxitoxin production and proliferation Shauna Murray Uwe John Anke Kremp 125
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Alexandrium taxonomy, phylogenetics and species evolution 126
4.3 What are saxitoxins? 129
4.3.1 Which species produce saxitoxins? 130
4.3.2 The sxt genes in dinoflagellates 131
4.4 Ecological factors influencing Alexandrium spp. proliferation and toxicity 133
4.4.1 The role of ecophysiotogical adaptations in ecology and bloom formation of Alexandrium life cycles 133
4.4.2 Mixotrophic nutrition 133
4.4.3 Allelopathy 134
4.5 Effects of environmental factors on Alexandrium proliferation and toxicity 135
4.5.1 Nutrients 135
4.5.2 Temperature 135
4.5.3 CO2 138
4.5.4 Salinity 139
4.6 Adaptation to changing climate conditions 141
5 Potential effects of climate change on cyanobacterial toxin production Susanna A. Wood Jonathan Puddick Hugo Borges Daniel R. Dietrich David P. Hamilton 155
5.1 Introduction 155
5.1.1 Microcystins and nodularins 156
5.1.2 Cylindrospermopsins 157
5.1.3 Saxitoxins 157
5.1.4 Anatoxin-a and homo-anatoxin-a 157
5.1.5 Anatoxin-a(S) 158
5.1.6 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 158
5.2 Effects of climate change on common toxin producing species 159
5.2.1 Microcystis 160
5.2.2 Cylindrospermopsis 161
5.2.3 Dolichospermum 161
5.2.4 Planktothrix 162
5.2.5 Phormidium 163
5.3 Effects of climate change on toxin regulation 164
5.3.1 Microcystins 164
5.3.2 Nodularins 166
5.3.3 Cylindrospermopsins 166
5.3.4 Saxitoxins 167
5.3.5 Anatoxins 167
5.4 Climate change and its effect on cyanobacteria and toxin production in Polar environments 168
5.5 Conclusions 170
6 Harmful marine algal blooms and climate change: progress on a formidable predictive challenge Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff 181
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Algal bloom range extensions and climate change 182
6.3 Range extensions further aided by ship ballast water transport 184
6.4 The formidable challenge of predicting phytoplankton community responses 187
6.5 We can learn from the fossil record, long-term plankton records and decadal scale climate events 188
6.6 Mitigation of the likely impact on seafood safety 188
7 Global warming, climate patterns and toxic cyanobacteria Elke S. Reichwaldt Som Cit Sinang Anas Ghadouani 195
7.1 Introduction 195
7.2 The effect of global warming on inland water bodies 196
7.2.1 Direct effects of global warming on inland water bodies 196
7.2.2 Indirect effects of global warming on inland water bodies 197
7.3 The ecology of cyanobacteria and toxin production 203
7.3.1 Environmental factors affecting cyanobacterial biomass 203
7.3.2 Environmental factors affecting microcystin production 204
7.3.3 Ecological factors affecting cyanobacterial blooms: competition 206
7.4 Direct and indirect effects of global warming on cyanobacterial growth 208
7.4.1 Temperature, stratification, and mixing 215
7.4.2 Nutrients 216
7.4.3 Salinity 217
7.4.4 Turbidity and pH 217
7.5 Direct and indirect effects of global warming on microcystin concentration 217
7.6 Why should we care? 219
8 Human impact in Mediterranean coastal ecosystems and climate change: emerging toxins Aristidis Vlamis Panagiota Katikou 239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 Mediterranean coastal ecosystems - 240
8.2.1 Human impact 242
8.2.2 Socio-economical implications of Climate Change 244
8.2.3 Effect to ecosystem from extreme events of climate change 245
8.2.4 Ecological response to Climate Change 246
8.3 Emerging toxins in the Mediterranean Sea 248
8.3.1 Identified emerging toxins and climate change effects 249
8.4 Conclusion 259
9 Gambierdiscus, the cause of ciguatera fish poisoning: an increased human health threat influenced by climate change Gurjeet S. Kohli Hazel Farrell Shauna A. Murray 273
9.1 The genus Gambierdiscus 273
9.2 Morphology and phylogenetics 274
9.3 Geographic distribution and abundance 279
9.3.1 The Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions 282
9.3.2 The Atlantic Ocean Region 282
9.4 CTXs and MTXs 283
9.5 Toxicity of different species of Gambierdiscus 288
9.6 Detection of CTXs and MTXs in seafood 289
9.7 Conclusion 303
10 Control and management of Harmful Algal Blooms Dani J. Barrington Xi Xiao Liah X. Coggins Anas Ghadouani 313
10.1 Introduction 313
10.2 Global water crisis 313
10.3 Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins 314
10.4 Cyanobacterial prevention and mitigation 315
10.5 Cyanobacterial management 320
10.6 Case study: The management of cyanobacteria in waste stabilization ponds 323
10.7 Treatment of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with hydrogen peroxide 326
10.8 New techniques for the control and characterization of cyanobacterial blooms 335
10.8.1 Allelopathic control of cyanobacteria 335
10.8.2 Optimization of the FDA-PI method using flow cytometry to measure metabolic activity of cyanobacteria 336
10.9 New perspectives and future directions 338
11 Global climate change profile and its possible effects on the reproductive cycle, sex expression and sex change of shellfish as marine toxins vectors Joaquín Espinosa Sara Silva-Salvado Óscar García-Martín 359
11.1 Introduction 359
11.2 Shellfish as marine toxins vectors 360
11.2.1 General considerations 360
11.2.2 Global increase in HABs 362
11.2.3 Global climate change 365
11.3 Reproductive cycle, sex expression and sex change in shellfish 378
11.3.1 Reproductive cycle, reproductive period and sex expression in bivalve mollusks 378
11.3.2 What is sex? 379
11.3.3 Sex determination: everything happens in the embryo 380
11.3.4 Sex determination of the gonad and sex differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs): molecular basis and regulation 381
11.3.5 Gonad somatic sex and germline sex in bivalve mollusks 382
11.3.6 Sex, sex reversal, types of sexuality and sex change in bivalve mollusks 384
11.3.7 What does sex change mean and how could this process be performed by bivalve mollusks? 391
11.3.8 Temperature, photoperiod, reproductive cycle and sex change in bivalve mollusks 393
11.3.9 Climate change, reproductive cycle, sex expression and sex change in bivalve mollusks 398
11.4 Concluding remarks 402
12 Effects on world food production and security M. Carmen Louzao Natalia Vilariño Luis M. Botana 417
12.1 Introduction 417
12.2 Foodborne and waterborne diseases 417
12.3 Zoonosis and other animal diseases 418
12.4 Product safety in fisheries 419
12.5 Aquaculture food production 423
12.6 Harmful algal blooms 423
12.6.1 Impact of temperature change on harmful algal blooms 424
12.6.2 Acidification of waters and effect on harmful algal blooms 426
12.6.3 Impact of sea-level rise and increased precipitation on harmful algal communities 426
12.6.4 Microalgal toxicity 427
12.7 Harmful algal blooms and aquatic food safety 428
12.7.1 Predictive modeling 433
12.8 Future perspectives 434
13 From science to policy: dynamic adaptation of legal regulations on aquatic blotoxlns Natalia Vilariño M. Carmen Louzao María Fraga Luis M. Botana 441
13.1 Introduction 441
13.2 Current worldwide regulations on marine phycotoxins 441
13.2.1 Maximum permitted levels 441
13.2.2 Official detection methods 446
13.3 Current worldwide regulations on cyanotoxins 447
13.4 New occurrences of toxic episodes challenge protection of consumer's safety 455
13.5 Limitations for the development and implementation of new regulations: from science to policy or from policy to science? 457
13.5.1 Technical limitations for recent/future toxin regulations 457
13.5.2 Toxicological limitations for new toxin regulations 461
13.5.3 Economic limitations 465
13.6 Modification of monitoring and surveillance programs 466
13.7 Integrative example: tetrodotoxin as a biomarker of climate change 467
13.8 Concluding remarks 470
Index 483