Co2 Sequestration By Ex-situ Mineral Carbonation

by Aimaro Sanna, Mercedes Maroto-valer

Overview

To meet human energy needs, the use of fossil fuels is set to continue well into the second half of the 21st century. In order to avoid irreversible climate change, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) must be integrated into industrial processes. Mineral carbonation (MC) is increasingly seen as an effective technology solution for CCS of CO2. With the potential to sequester billions of tonnes per year, remarkable developments in mineral carbonation technology are taking place, particularly in USA, Australia and the European Union.This book brings together some of the world's leading experts in the field of sequestration to provide a critical assessment of progress to date. Chapters cover the resources available for MC, and also give a critical analysis of the technologies developed for sequestering carbon from industrial and power plants, including the use of the resultant carbonated product. The studies conclude with evaluation of key technical and economic obstacles which need to be addressed for future research, development and application. CO2 Sequestration by Ex-Situ Mineral Carbonation is essential reading for engineers, chemists and materials scientists in graduate or research positions, and for those interested in sustainability, the environment and ecology.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781786341594
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd
Publication date:	02/23/2017
Pages:	192
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.10(h) x 0.60(d)

Table of Contents

Preface v

About the Authors ix

Chapter 1 Mineral Carbonation Technology Overview Qi Liu M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer Aimaro Sanna 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Process Principles 3

1.3 Resources for MC 5

1.4 Ex-Situ MC Processes 8

1.4.1 MC Process Scale and Product Applications 10

1.5 Conclusions 11

References 12

Chapter 2 Rocks: Cation Donors with Enormous Resources Mike T. Styles Alicja M. Lacinska 17

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Composition and Classification of Ultramafic and Mafic Rocks 18

2.3 Ultramafic Rocks 19

2.4 Mafic Rocks 23

2.5 Natural Weathering and Carbonation of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks 24

2.5.1 Ultramafic Rocks 24

2.5.2 Basalt as an Example of a Mafic Rock 26

2.6 Enhanced Weathering 26

2.7 Reactivity of Minerals and Rocks 28

2.8 Global Resources 33

2.9 Conclusion 36

References 38

Chapter 3 CO₂ Mineralisation as a Route to Energy-Efficient CO₂ Sequestration or Materials with Market Value Ron Zevenhoven Inês S. Romão 41

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 CO₂ Mineralisation Technology Development 44

3.3 MC Routes 46

3.4 Ex-Situ Accelerated MC 48

3.4.1 Mineral Pre-treatment Options 49

3.4.2 Direct Dry (Gas/Solid) Carbonation 49

3.4.3 Direct Aqueous Carbonation 51

3.4.4 Indirect Aqueous Carbonation 56

3.4.5 Mixed Wet/Dry Routes: Indirect Multi-stage Solid/Gas (Dry/Wet/Dry) Carbonation 60

3.4.6 Mixed Wet/Dry Routes: Indirect Multi-stage Solid/Gas (Dry/Wet/Wet) Carbonation 64

3.5 Energy Efficiency of Magnesium Silicate Carbonation Processing 66

3.5.1 Mining. Crushing, Grinding 67

3.5.2 Transport 69

3.5.3 Net Heat and Power for the Actual Carbonation Process 69

3.5.4 Post-Processing and Other Energetic Effects 73

3.5.5 LCA and Water Use 73

3.6 Acknowledgements 76

References 77

Chapter 4 MC Technologies Developed for Waste Materials Mai Uibu Regiina Viires Rein Kuusik 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Process Chemistry and Main Carbonation Routes 92

4.3 Metallurgical Slag 95

4.4 MSWI Ashes 104

4.4.1 MSWIBA 104

4.4.2 APC Residues 105

4.5 Power Plant Ashes 107

4.6 Cement Wastes 112

4.6.1 Cement Kiln and Bypass Dust 112

4.6.2 Waste Cement, Construction and Demolition Wastes 112

4.7 Mining Tailings, Asbestos-Containing Materials 114

4.8 RM 118

4.9 Alkaline Paper Mill Wastes 119

4.10 MC Cost Assessment and Demonstration Projects 120

References 122

Chapter 5 MC Process Scale and Product Applications Tze Yuen Yeo Jie Bu 133

5.1 Introduction 133

5.2 Current CCSU Alternatives to MC 136

5.2.1 Storage/Utilisation Methods without Chemical Transformation of CO₂ 136

5.2.2 Storage/Utilisation Methods Involving Chemical Transformation of CO₂ 137

5.3 The Scale and Permanence of MC 139

5.4 Applications of MC Products 142

5.4.1 Bulk Applications of MC products 144

5.4.2 Fine Applications of MC products 150

5.4.2.1 Alkaline-Earth Carbonates 150

5.4.2.2 Refined Silica 152

5.4.2.3 Iron and Other Metals 153

5.5 Versatility of MC Processes 157

5.6 Conclusions 160

References 161

Index 167