Commander of All Lincoln's Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck

by John F. Marszalek

Overview

In the summer of 1862, President Lincoln called General Henry W. Halleck to Washington, D.C., to take command of all Union armies in the death struggle against the Confederacy. For the next two turbulent years, Halleck was Lincoln's chief war advisor, the man the President deferred to in all military matters. Yet, despite the fact that he was commanding general far longer than his successor, Ulysses S. Grant, he is remembered only as a failed man, ignored by posterity.

In the first comprehensive biography of Halleck, the prize-winning historian John F. Marszalek recreates the life of a man of enormous achievement who bungled his most important mission. When Lincoln summoned him to the nation's capital, Halleck boasted outstanding qualifications as a military theorist, a legal scholar, a brave soldier, and a California entrepreneur. Yet in the thick of battle, he couldn't make essential decisions. Unable to produce victory for the Union forces, he saw his power become subsumed by Grant's emergent leadership, a loss that paved the way for Halleck's path to obscurity.

Harnessing previously unused research, as well as the insights of modern medicine and psychology, Marszalek unearths the seeds of Halleck's fatal wartime indecisiveness in personality traits and health problems. In this brilliant dissection of a rich and disappointed life, we gain new understanding of how the key decisions of the Civil War were taken, as well as insight into the making of effective military leadership.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674040649
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	07/01/2009
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	352
File size:	651 KB

About the Author

John F. Marszalek is W. L. Giles Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus, and Executive Director and Managing Editor of the Ulysses S. Grant Association’s U. S. Grant Presidential Library, at Mississippi State University.

Table of Contents

Contents Prologue 1. Born to Gentility, Educated to Elitism 2. Army Engineer at Home and Abroad 3. War and Peace in California 4. From Soldier to Businessman 5. From Peace to War 6. Commander of the Western Theater 7. Supreme Commander 8. War by Washington Telegraph 9. The Western Generals Bring Success 10. Chief of Staff under Grant 11. From War to Peace Bibliographical Essay Abbreviations Used in the Notes Notes Acknowledgments Illustration Credits Index

What People are Saying About This

Harold Holzer

Often ignored, often disparaged, Henry W. Halleck has long required a serious biography by an accomplished Civil War historian. John Marszalek's effort was worth the wait. This book finally sheds light on how 'Old Brains' earned his moniker, and what he did-and gallingly failed to do-that caused him to forfeit it. Here is a highly valuable, highly readable contribution to Civil War scholarship that not only paints a vivid portrait of a complex life, but sheds much new light on the complexities of 19-century military command.
— Harold Holzer, co-Chairman of the US Lincoln Bicentennial Commission

James M. McPherson

In this first full-scale biography of Henry W. Halleck, John Marszalek offers a balanced appraisal of that controversial general's strengths and weaknesses. An excellent administrator, Halleck could not make command decisions. A disappointment as general in chief, he nevertheless helped organize Union victory in the Civil War. This important book provides new insights on the Union command structure.
— James M. McPherson, author of Hallowed Ground: A Walk at Gettysburg

Early in the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant assessed Henry W. Halleck as, 'a man of gigantic intellect and well studied in the profession of arms.' Grant and Abraham Lincoln, among others, would eventually abandon that admiration. In a meticulously researched and intellectually probing biography, John F. Marszalek explores the psychological and physical causes of Halleck's disappointing performance. In a path-breaking biography, Marszalek brings a new perspective to the interpretation of the Civil War.

William C. Davis

'Old Brains' seemed an unlikely sobriquet for an officer whom most senior commanders in the Union Army regarded as bumbling and indecisive as a field commander, and hide-bound by paperwork as an administrator. Yet, for good or ill, few officers in Lincoln's army exerted more influence over the course of the Civil War than Henry W. Halleck. John F. Marszalek, one of our finest scholars of the era, provides the first in-depth look at Halleck in more than forty years, and surely the finest work on the subject we are likely to get.
— William C. Davis, author of Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic

Russell Weigley

Not only does this study fill a biographical void; it is also remarkably evenhanded for an examination of a figure who never quite measured up to the Civil War responsibilities of his offices… Scrupulous in its scholarship and fair in its judgments, John Marszalek brings to the work a comprehensive mastery of Civil War history that is indispensable.
— Russell Weigley, author of The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy

Craig L. Symonds

Henry Halleck has often been dismissed by students of the Civil War as a kind of glorified clerk. That is because until now no scholar has managed to bring to light the full history of this obviously gifted, but equally troubled and complex individual. In this rich and readable biography, John Marszalek at last gives us a convincing three-dimensional portrait of the man who commanded all of Lincoln's armies in America's greatest war. And in so doing, he has not only clarified Halleck's role in the war, he has enhanced our understanding of the war itself.
— Craig L. Symonds, U.S. Naval Academy

John Y. Simon

Early in the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant assessed Henry W. Halleck as, 'a man of gigantic intellect and well studied in the profession of arms.' Grant and Abraham Lincoln, among others, would eventually abandon that admiration. In a meticulously researched and intellectually probing biography, John F. Marszalek explores the psychological and physical causes of Halleck's disappointing performance. In a path-breaking biography, Marszalek brings a new perspective to the interpretation of the Civil War.

— John Y. Simon, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Editorial Reviews

Every student and scholar of the Civil War knows Gen. Henry Halleck as another failed Union general-and dismisses him just as quickly. Though Halleck appeared on history's stage for five years of conflict, nothing much is known about him except the odd nickname, "Old Brains"-a situation admirably remedied by Marszalek (history, emeritus, Mississippi State Univ.) with this first full-scale biography. In a very readable narrative, Marszalek traces Halleck's successful pre-Civil War career as a West Point cadet and instructor, engineer, author, lawyer, California pioneer, and businessman. Both his thoroughly unsuccessful relationship with his father and his very successful marriage are discussed. Known as one of the most intellectual men in the country (and one of the wealthiest), Halleck was appointed a regular army major general and confidently re-donned the uniform to lead Union forces in the Western theater, where he triumphed. But as Marszalek shows, his fatal indecisiveness doomed him once he came to Washington as commander. A valuable biography; recommended for all collections.-David Lee Poremba, Detroit P.L. Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information.

Library Journal

The reader is presented with a richly detailed and engrossing story of one of America's most notable and influential soldiers of the nineteenth century. John Marszalek is to be commended for his efforts on completing this biography, and he has made a valuable contribution to the study of soldiers and the profession of arms. This book is recommended to those interested both in the US Civil War and army leadership studies.

Canadian Army Journal - Major A.B. Godefroy

'Old Brains' seemed an unlikely sobriquet for an officer whom most senior commanders in the Union Army regarded as bumbling and indecisive as a field commander, and hide-bound by paperwork as an administrator. Yet, for good or ill, few officers in Lincoln's army exerted more influence over the course of the Civil War than Henry W. Halleck. John F. Marszalek, one of our finest scholars of the era, provides the first in-depth look at Halleck in more than forty years, and surely the finest work on the subject we are likely to get.

William C. Davis

Often ignored, often disparaged, Henry W. Halleck has long required a serious biography by an accomplished Civil War historian. John Marszalek's effort was worth the wait. This book finally sheds light on how 'Old Brains' earned his moniker, and what he did-and gallingly failed to do-that caused him to forfeit it. Here is a highly valuable, highly readable contribution to Civil War scholarship that not only paints a vivid portrait of a complex life, but sheds much new light on the complexities of 19-century military command.

Harold Holzer

John Marszalek has provided the most detailed and authoritative account of Halleck's early life, initial military career and later professional success as a lawyer...The book, as one would suspect from such an author, is skillfully put together and agreeably written.

Journal of Military History - Brian Holden Reid

Early in the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant assessed Henry W. Halleck as, 'a man of gigantic intellect and well studied in the profession of arms.' Grant and Abraham Lincoln, among others, would eventually abandon that admiration. In a meticulously researched and intellectually probing biography, John F. Marszalek explores the psychological and physical causes of Halleck's disappointing performance. In a path-breaking biography, Marszalek brings a new perspective to the interpretation of the Civil War.

John Y. Simon

Painstakingly researched, well written and judicious in its approach, this volume offers the reader valuable insights into the foundation years of the state of California and penetrative analysis of the unstable nature of the command structure of the Union during the war, as well as providing us with what will surely be the standard biography of Halleck for many years to come.

Journal of American Studies - Frank Lennon

Henry Halleck has often been dismissed by students of the Civil War as a kind of glorified clerk. That is because until now no scholar has managed to bring to light the full history of this obviously gifted, but equally troubled and complex individual. In this rich and readable biography, John Marszalek at last gives us a convincing three-dimensional portrait of the man who commanded all of Lincoln's armies in America's greatest war. And in so doing, he has not only clarified Halleck's role in the war, he has enhanced our understanding of the war itself.

Craig L. Symonds

With this work, John F. Marszalek fills a large gap in the nineteenth-century U.S. historical record. Despite the considerable roles played by Henry Wager Halleck in disparate fields, no other full biography of the man exists...In preparing this life of Halleck, Marszalek certainly did his homework...Adding to the authoritative nature of the volume is its extensive scholarly apparatus, with forty-six pages of endnotes, plus twenty-seven well-chosen illustrations spanning Halleck's life...Marszalek's searching and balanced study offers frequent surprises for even the most attentive students of the era.

Malcolm Muirn Historical Review

Civil War biographies do not come much better, if at all, than John F. Marszalek's account of Henry Wager Halleck. Written with scholarly precision and aplomb, it recounts the life and contributions of the Union's top soldier, 1862–1864, from his childhood on a New York farm...Researched in depth, closely reasoned, and energetically presented, Marszalek's biography will long remain the standard account of Lincoln's commander in chief.

Journal of American History - Paul D. Casdorph

In this first full-scale biography of Henry W. Halleck, John Marszalek offers a balanced appraisal of that controversial general's strengths and weaknesses. An excellent administrator, Halleck could not make command decisions. A disappointment as general in chief, he nevertheless helped organize Union victory in the Civil War. This important book provides new insights on the Union command structure.

James M. McPherson

Not only does this study fill a biographical void; it is also remarkably evenhanded for an examination of a figure who never quite measured up to the Civil War responsibilities of his offices… Scrupulous in its scholarship and fair in its judgments, John Marszalek brings to the work a comprehensive mastery of Civil War history that is indispensable.

Russell Weigley

John F. Marszalek has provided a most welcome addition to the literature of the Civil War and American history with his biography of Henry Wager Halleck, an outstanding and influential figure in the Old Army, a founding father of California, a legal authority, a highly successful businessman and architect, and an author of incredible breadth...One must notice Marszalek's bibliographical essay. It is excellent and should stand as a model. For that matter, the author's objectivity shines throughout. He respects his subject and feels an obligation to the individual and to history...To the joy of the reader, Marszalek writes clearly and unpretentiously. He uses humor and irony effectively and has an eye for humor in a man regarded as grim beyond belief, carefully demonstrating that Halleck had a sharp wit and a sense of humor.

Journal of Southern History - Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes

With this work, John F. Marszalek fills a large gap in the nineteenth-century U.S. historical record. Despite the considerable roles played by Henry Wager Halleck in disparate fields, no other full biography of the man exists...In preparing this life of Halleck, Marszalek certainly did his homework...Adding to the authoritative nature of the volume is its extensive scholarly apparatus, with forty-six pages of endnotes, plus twenty-seven well-chosen illustrations spanning Halleck's life...Marszalek's searching and balanced study offers frequent surprises for even the most attentive students of the era.

American Historical Review - Malcolm Muir

Painstakingly researched, well written and judicious in its approach, this volume offers the reader valuable insights into the foundation years of the state of California and penetrative analysis of the unstable nature of the command structure of the Union during the war, as well as providing us with what will surely be the standard biography of Halleck for many years to come.

— Frank Lennon

Journal of American Studies

John F. Marszalek has provided a most welcome addition to the literature of the Civil War and American history with his biography of Henry Wager Halleck, an outstanding and influential figure in the Old Army, a founding father of California, a legal authority, a highly successful businessman and architect, and an author of incredible breadth...One must notice Marszalek's bibliographical essay. It is excellent and should stand as a model. For that matter, the author's objectivity shines throughout. He respects his subject and feels an obligation to the individual and to history...To the joy of the reader, Marszalek writes clearly and unpretentiously. He uses humor and irony effectively and has an eye for humor in a man regarded as grim beyond belief, carefully demonstrating that Halleck had a sharp wit and a sense of humor.
— Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes

Journal of Southern History

The reader is presented with a richly detailed and engrossing story of one of America's most notable and influential soldiers of the nineteenth century. John Marszalek is to be commended for his efforts on completing this biography, and he has made a valuable contribution to the study of soldiers and the profession of arms. This book is recommended to those interested both in the US Civil War and army leadership studies.
— Major A.B. Godefroy

Canadian Army Journal

With this work, John F. Marszalek fills a large gap in the nineteenth-century U.S. historical record. Despite the considerable roles played by Henry Wager Halleck in disparate fields, no other full biography of the man exists...In preparing this life of Halleck, Marszalek certainly did his homework...Adding to the authoritative nature of the volume is its extensive scholarly apparatus, with forty-six pages of endnotes, plus twenty-seven well-chosen illustrations spanning Halleck's life...Marszalek's searching and balanced study offers frequent surprises for even the most attentive students of the era.

— Malcolm Muir, Jr.

American Historical Review

John Marszalek has provided the most detailed and authoritative account of Halleck's early life, initial military career and later professional success as a lawyer...The book, as one would suspect from such an author, is skillfully put together and agreeably written.
— Brian Holden Reid

Journal of Military History

Civil War biographies do not come much better, if at all, than John F. Marszalek's account of Henry Wager Halleck. Written with scholarly precision and aplomb, it recounts the life and contributions of the Union's top soldier, 1862–1864, from his childhood on a New York farm...Researched in depth, closely reasoned, and energetically presented, Marszalek's biography will long remain the standard account of Lincoln's commander in chief.
— Paul D. Casdorph

Journal of American History