Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation / Edition 2

by Ann B. Butler, William Hodos

Overview

Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy

Evolution and Adaptation

Second Edition

Ann B. Butler and William Hodos

The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system. The text is divided into three sections:
* Introduction to evolution and variation, including a survey of cell structure, embryological development, and anatomical organization of the central nervous system; phylogeny and diversity of brain structures; and an overview of various theories of brain evolution
* Systematic, comprehensive survey of comparative neuroanatomy across all major groups of vertebrates
* Overview of vertebrate brain evolution, which integrates the complete text, highlights diversity and common themes, broadens perspective by a comparison with brain structure and evolution of invertebrate brains, and considers recent data and theories of the evolutionary origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates, including a recently proposed model of the origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates that has received strong support from newly discovered fossil evidence

Ample material drawn from the latest research has been integrated into the text and highlighted in special feature boxes, including recent views on homology, cranial nerve organization and evolution, the relatively large and elaborate brains of birds in correlation with their complex cognitive abilities, and the current debate on forebrain evolution across reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780471210054
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	08/23/2005
Edition description:	REV
Pages:	752
Product dimensions:	8.70(w) x 11.30(h) x 1.50(d)

About the Author

Ann B. Butler and William Hodos are the authors of Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xix

List of Boxes xxi

Part One Evolution and the Organization of the Central Nervous System

1 Evolution and Variation 3

Introduction 3

Diversity Over Time 4

Evolutionary Mechanisms 5

Sameness and Its Biological Significance 8

Analysis of Variation 13

2 Neurons and Sensory Receptors 19

Introduction 19

The Nervous System 19

Neurons and Sensory Receptors 20

Transport Within Neurons 21

Classification of Neurons 21

Synapses 23

Neuronal Populations 26

Receptors and Senses 28

Receptor Types 30

Topographic Organization 43

Receptive Fields 46

The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System 46

3 The Vertebrate Central Nervous System 49

Introduction 49

Development of the Brain 49

The Brain and Spinal Cord 61

Cellular Organization of the Central Nervous System 61

Regional Organization of the Nervous System 63

Major Systems of the Brain 67

Nomenclature of the Brain 69

4 Vertebrate Phylogeny and Diversity in Brain Organization 73

Introduction 73

Vertebrate Phylogeny 74

Two Types of Brain Organization 84

5 Evolution and Adaptation of the Brain Behavior and Intelligence 93

Phylogeny and Adaptation 93

Complexity and Evolution 96

Evolutionary Change 99

Brain Evolution and Behavioral Adaptation 100

Brain Size and Behavioral Adaptation 105

Summary and Conclusions 109

6 Theories of Brain Evolution 113

Introduction 113

Some Common Assumptions 113

Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution: Addition of Structures or Areas 114

Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Organization: New Formation and Reorganization of Circuits 115

Critique of Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution 116

Parcellation Theory 117

Current Theories of Forebrain Evolution 117

Perspective 121

Part Two The Spinal Cord and Hindbrain

7 Overview of Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 127

Overview of the Spinal Cord 127

Overview of the Hindbrain 133

Evolutionary Perspectives on the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 136

8 The Spinal Cord 139

The Spinal Cords of Nontetrapods 139

The Organization of the Tetrapod Spinal Cord 145

Evolutionary Perspective 152

9 Segmental Organization of the Head Brain and Cranial Nerves 157

“Twelve” Cranial Nerves 157

The Vertebrate Head: Segmental Organization 158

Theoretical Head Segments 165

Segmental Organization of the Individual Cranial Nerves 166

10 Functional Organization of the Cranial Nerves 173

Introduction 173

The Cranial Nerves and the Spinal Cord 173

The Organization of Sensory and Motor Columns of the Caudal Brainstem 176

Five Cranial Nerves Rostral to the Brainstem 180

General Considerations 181

11 Sensory Cranial Nerves of the Brainstem 183

Introduction 183

Dorsal Cranial Nerves: Sensory Components for General Somatosensory Sensation 183

Ventrolateral Placodal Cranial Nerves: Taste 189

Dorsolateral Cranial Nerves: Lateral Line and Octaval Systems 194

12 Motor Cranial Nerves 205

Introduction 205

Feeding and Swallowing 207

The Acoustic Reflex 213

Motor Control of Eye Muscles 214

Evolutionary Perspective on the Hindbrain and Midbrain Cranial Nerves 218

13 The Reticular Formation 221

Introduction 221

The Organization of the Reticular Formation 222

Pathways of the Reticular Formation 230

The Reticular Formation and Sleep 234

Evolutionary Perspective on the Reticular Formation 236

14 The Cerebellum 241

Introduction 241

Overview of the Cerebellum 241

Cerebellar Size 242

The Various Forms of the Cerebellum 243

The Cerebella of Tetrapods 246

The Cerebella of Nontetrapods 246

The Cerebellar Cortex 247

The Exceptional Cerebella of Weakly Electric Fishes 259

Cerebellar Efferents and the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 260

Evolutionary Perspective 262

Functions of the Cerebellum 262

Part Three The Midbrain

15 Overview of the Midbrain 267

Introduction 267

The Isthmus 268

The Tegmentum 273

The Tectum 273

16 Isthmus 275

Introduction 275

Nuclei of the Raphe 275

Locus Coeruleus 277

Nucleus Isthmi 281

Isthmo-Optic Nucleus 283

Midbrain Locomotor Region and Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus 284

Interpeduncular Nucleus 285

17 Tegmentum and Tori 289

Introduction 289

Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve 289

Red Nucleus and Related Nuclei 290

Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area 292

Torus Lateralis 304

Torus Semicircularis 304

Evolutionary Perspective 277

18 Optic Tectum 311

Introduction 311

Overview of Tectal Organization 311

Overview of Tectal Connections 312

The Optic Tectum in Group I Vertebrates 315

The Optic Tectum in Group II Vertebrates 321

Evolutionary Perspective 334

Part Four The Forebrain: Diencephalon

19 Overview of the Forebrain 343

Introduction 343

Nomenclature of the Forebrain in Amniotes 344

The Diencephalon 344

The Telencephalon: Pallium 352

The Telencephalon: Subpallium 364

20 Pretectum Accessory Optic System and Migrated Posterior Tuberculum 373

Introduction 373

Pretectum 373

Accessory Optic System 389

Evolutionary Perspective 394

Migrated Posterior Tuberculum 396

Evolutionary Perspective 399

21 Epithalamus 407

Introduction 407

Epiphysis 407

Habenula 409

Evolutionary Perspective 414

22 Dorsal Thalamus 417

Introduction 417

Collothalamic Auditory System 418

Collothalamic Visual and Somatosensory Systems 426

Lemnothalamus 432

Evolutionary Perspective 437

A New Definition of the Dorsal Thalamus in Vertebrates 439

23 The Visceral Brain: The Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System 445

Introduction 445

The Hypothalamus in Anamniotes 451

The Hypothalamus in Amniotes 455

The Autonomic Nervous System 460

Evolutionary Perspective 462

Part Five The Forebrain: Telencephalon

24 Basal Telencephalon 471

Introduction 471

The Striatopallidal Complexes 472

The Striatal Amygdala 487

Cholinergic Neuronal Populations of the Basal Telencephalon 488

Evolutionary Perspective 489

25 Nonlimbic Pallium 495

Introduction 495

The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group I Vertebrates 496

The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group IIA Vertebrates 498

The Nonlimbic Pallium in Amniotes 501

Pallial Evolution and Persistent Questions of Homologies 510

26 Visual Forebrain in Amniotes 523

Introduction 523

Ipsilateral Retinal Pathways and Stereoscopic Vision 524

Visual Pathways to the Telencephalon in Mammals 524

Pathways to the Visual Telencephalon in Reptiles and Birds 537

Evolutionary Trends in the Visual System of Amniotes 540

27 Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain in Amniotes 547

Introduction 547

The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Mammals 547

The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Nonmammalian Amniotes 559

Evolutionary Perspective 566

28 Auditory and Vocal Forebrain in Amniotes 571

Introduction 571

Design Features of the Auditory System 574

Auditory Pathways in Tetrapods 574

Auditory Telencephalon 577

Evolutionary Perspective 589

29 Terminal Nerve and Olfactory Forebrain 593

Introduction 593

Olfactory System 593

Vomeronasal System 601

Terminal Nerve 605

Evolutionary Perspective 606

30 Limbic Telencephalon 611

Introduction 611

The Limbic Pallium in Anamniotes 612

The Limbic Pallium in Amniotes (Group IIB) 617

Limbic Subpallium: Septum 628

Evolutionary Perspective 629

Part Six Conclusion

31 Evolution of Brains: A Bilaterian View 637

Introduction 637

Invertebrate Brains and the Inversion Hypothesis 638

Brain Evolution within Chordates 644

The Origin of Vertebrates 649

The Advent of Jaws 655

Onto the Land and Into the Air 656

Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution 657

How Vertebrate Brains Evolve 657

Appendix: Terms Used in Neuroanatomy 665

Introduction 665

Direction and Location Terms 665

Planes of Section 666

Neuroanatomical Names 668

Derivation of Terms 668

Glossary 671

Index 679

Editorial Reviews

3 Stars from Doody

This book is a review of the evolution and adaptation of the CNS of animals. The book intends to analyze the relationship and evolution of the CNS in vertebrates. The audience for this book is composed of neuroscientists and neuroanatomists as well as neurophysiologists, neurologists, and veterinarians. The book provides an excellent presentation and illustrations. This excellently formatted book incorporates new approaches to comparative analysis: (1) organization degree of evolution of the CNS; (2) a special analysis of the evolution of the thalamus and the forebrain; (3) evolution and embryology analysis. Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy and the correlation between mammals and nonmammals is one of the outstanding achievements of this book. The adaptation and evolution of the CNS of different species is well demonstrated. I highly recommend this book for neuroscientists, neuroanatomists, neurophysicists, and clinical neurologists.

Manuel Dujovny

A text/reference for undergraduate and graduate students, physicians, and neuroscientists, illustrating the ongoing relationship between the structure and function of vertebrates. Presuming little prior knowledge of anatomy or biology beyond the college level, it presents a systematic account of the functions of brain systems in vertebrates and their relationship to behavior, adaptation, and survival; new material on the embryology and functional organization of the cranial nerves; and a comparison of vertebrate brains that reveals how similar they are in some ways, and how different in others. Includes numerous drawn figures and diagrams. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews

Reviewer: Manuel Dujovny, MD (Wayne State University School of Medicine)
Description: This book is a review of the evolution and adaptation of the CNS of animals.
Purpose: The book intends to analyze the relationship and evolution of the CNS in vertebrates.
Audience: The audience for this book is composed of neuroscientists and neuroanatomists as well as neurophysiologists, neurologists, and veterinarians.
Features: The book provides an excellent presentation and illustrations.
Assessment: This excellently formatted book incorporates new approaches to comparative analysis: (1) organization degree of evolution of the CNS; (2) a special analysis of the evolution of the thalamus and the forebrain; (3) evolution and embryology analysis. Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy and the correlation between mammals and nonmammals is one of the outstanding achievements of this book. The adaptation and evolution of the CNS of different species is well demonstrated. I highly recommend this book for neuroscientists, neuroanatomists, neurophysicists, and clinical neurologists.

Doody's Review Service

"As a textbook for advanced courses and reference work for anyone whose interests touch on vertebrate neuroanatomy...it is a uniquely valuable single-volume survey." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, June 2006)

"...well written and can be a valuable reading material for basic understanding of the brain and its adaptation." (American Association of Anatomists Newsletter, March 2006)

From the Publisher