Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures x
List of Abbreviations xi
Preface xv
1 From Peace Propaganda to Information Intervention 1
1.1 Information Intervention in History 2
1.2 Metzl's Concept of Information Intervention: Clearing Conceptual Landscapes 3
1.3 Reactionary and Developmental Information Intervention 6
1.4 "Phase II" Information Intervention in the DRC 9
2 A Foucauldian View of UN Information Intervention 11
3 The Liberal Institutionalist Foundations of Post-Cold War UN Information Operations 15
4 Between Propaganda and UN's Public Information Operations 22
4.1 The UN "Propaganda" Doctrine 23
4.2 Outsourcing "Peace Propaganda": UN Partnership with NGOs 24
5 A Brief History of Ethnicity, Conflicts and Crisis of Citizenship in the DRC 25
5.1 The Roots, Tactics and Ethnic Motivations of the "First DRC War" 25
5.2 Rwandan Roots of the Congolese Conflict 26
5.3 The FDLR 29
5.4 South Kivu: Autochtonie and the Crises of Citizenship 30
5.5 Brief Notes on Key Flash Points in the DRC 32
6 From Authenticity to Governmentality: A Brief History of the Media in the DRC 35
6.1 Era of the "Authentic" Media 35
6.2 Era of Débrouillez-vous (1990-1997) 44
6.3 Era of Official Silence, Repression and Coupage (1997-2001) 49
6.4 Era of Intervention and Governmentality (2001-) 59
7 Radio Okapi: The Making of a "Congolese Voice" 67
7.1 Creation of Radio Okapi: The IGO/NGO Mix 67
7.2 Mandate and Funding 70
7.3 Challenges 70
7.4 Sustainability 71
7.5 News and Information Programmes 72
8 Information Operations: Contents and Metrics of Effectiveness 74
8.1 Between Dialogue and Gutahuka: Streamlining the Debates 75
8.2 Ethical Foundations of Hirondelle Foundation's Approach 77
8.3 Conceptualizing Hirondelle Foundation's "Informative Approach" in Conflict Zones 78
8.4 MONUC's Approach to DDRRR 84
8.5 Gutahuka Soft Follow-up Actions 91
8.6 Research Impacts of Communication Interventions 94
8.7 Ontological Foundations of Public Information Research Design 96
8.8 Sampling Design 97
8.9 Sampling Groups 99
8.10 Summary of Procedure 100
8.11 Ethical Considerations 106
8.12 Networks and Contexts of Research: Defining the Mixes 107
8.13 Order of Focus Group Discussion and Moderator Guide 112
8.14 Specific Topics for Discussion 114
9 Local Meanings and Perceptions of UN Information Interventions Programmes 116
9.1 Radio Listening in South Kivu 116
9.2 Re-Stating Purpose of Research 117
9.3 Purpose as per Ethnic and Listening Groups 118
9.4 Focus Group Participants 120
9.5 Focus Group Design 120
9.6 Focus Group Plan and Organization 121
9.7 Question Design 122
9.8 Framework for Data Analysis 124
9.9 Analysis of Focus Group Discussions 126
10 No Intention to Return to Rwanda 160
10.1 Defining Determinants of Planned Behaviour 162
10.2 Hutu Participants' Attitude towards Repatriation to Rwanda 163
10.3 Emerging Issues 173
11 Impacts of Dialogue Entre Congolais 176
11.1 Topical Issues Treated in Dialogue 176
11.2 Discussion of Dialogue Listeners' Perceptions of Descriptive Transformations 178
11.3 Process of Perception Change in Dialogue Groups 185
12 "Hutus are the ones that have kept us where we are today": When Psyops Backfire 189
12.1 Contending Realities in Narrative Frameworks of Dialogue and Gutahuka 192
13 Revisiting Unfinished Debates on Information Intervention 194
13.1 Final Word 198
13.2 End Note: Reflections of an Outsider Researcher 202
Appendix 1 205
Appendix 2 207
Bibliography 210
