CRISPR People: The Science and Ethics of Editing Humans

by Henry T. Greely

Overview

A leading authority on the scientific, ethical, and legal aspects of genetic biotechnologies asks: What does the birth of gene-edited babies mean—for science and for all of us?

“An accessible, clearly written, fact-filled analysis of a new biological frontier.” —The Washington Post

In November 2018, the world was shocked to learn that two babies had been born in China with DNA edited while they were embryos—as dramatic a development in genetics as the cloning of Dolly the sheep was in 1996. In this book, Hank Greely, a leading authority on law and genetics, tells the fascinating story of this human experiment and its consequences. Greely explains what Chinese scientist He Jiankui did, how he did it, and how the public and other scientists learned about and reacted to this unprecedented genetic intervention.
 
The two babies, nonidentical twin girls, were the first “CRISPR'd” people ever born (CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, is a powerful gene-editing method). Greely not only describes the experiment and its public rollout (aided by a public relations adviser) but also considers the lessons we can draw from CRISPR'd babies and from this kind of human DNA editing—“germline editing” that can be passed on from one generation to the next.
 
Greely doesn't mince words, describing He Jiankui’s experiment as grossly reckless, irresponsible, immoral, and illegal. Although he sees no inherent or unmanageable barriers to human germline editing, he also sees very few good uses for it—other, less risky, technologies can achieve the same benefits. We should consider the implications carefully before we proceed.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780262362733
Publisher:	MIT Press
Publication date:	02/16/2021
Sold by:	Penguin Random House Publisher Services
Format:	eBook
Pages:	400
File size:	493 KB

About the Author

Henry T. Greely is Professor of Law, Professor by Courtesy of Genetics, and Director of the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences at Stanford University, where he also chairs the Steering Committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics and directs the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society.

Table of Contents

Introduction ix
Part I: Background 1
1 Just What Did He Jiankui Do? 3
2 Human Germline Genome Editing— What Is It? 23
3 CRISPR— What Is It, Why Is It Important, and Who Will Benefit from It? 33
4 Ethics Discussions of CRISPR’d Babies before He 49
5 The Law of CRISPR’d Babies before He 75
Part II: The Revelation and Its Aftermath 89
6 The He Experiment Revealed 91
7 The World Reacts— And So Does China 109
8 Who Knew What When? Revelations of Pre- Summit
Knowledge 121
Part III: Assessing and Responding to the He Experiment 145
9 Assessing the He Experiment 147
10 Responses 173
Part IV: Human Germline Genome Editing Generally— Now
What? 201
11 Is Human Germline Genome Editing Inherently Bad? 203
12 Could Human Germline Genome Editing Sometimes
Be Bad? 217
13 Just How Useful Is Human Germline Genome Editing? 225
14 How to Test Human Germline Genome Editing 247
15 The Big Decisions— And How to Make Them 269
Conclusion 293
Acknowledgments 295
Notes 299
Index 371

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

“America’s most quoted bioethicist has written the definitive guide to the international consensus against germline editing . . . and how it all came crashing down in November 2018. In a concise retelling that’s part diary, part history, and part journalism, Hank Greely pieces together how a Chinese scientist defied bioethics—and common sense—to create the first gene-edited humans.”
—Antonio Regalado, biomedicine editor, MIT Technology Review
 
“Hank Greely is a master of detail, and delivers an ‘as if you were there’ portrayal of events surrounding the announcement of the first children born with edited genomes. For anyone who wants to know how we got there, and where we go next, this is the book for you. With both nuance and wit, Greely makes you an expert, too.”
—R. Alta Charo, Warren P. Knowles Professor of Law, University of Wisconsin–Madison
 
“Hank Greely, a renowned authority on science and law, delves deeply into the complex, evolving world of human germline genome editing, offering a story rich in scientific fact, but also a fascinating portrayal of key players, critical turning points, and the promise and peril of this scientific advance.”
—Margaret Hamburg, Former FDA Commissioner

Editorial Reviews

Choice 2021 Outstanding Academic Title

“CRISPR People is an accessible, clearly written, fact-filled analysis of a new biological frontier. Readers will come away not only with a deep understanding of CRISPR and how it works, but also with an appreciation of how a Chinese scientist created the first gene-edited humans and what that means for the rest of us. Greely believes that He’s experiment was nothing less than ‘a cross between bad fiction and reckless fiasco, shrouded in a deep fog of secrets.’'"—the Washington Post

"Packed with facts and analysis, Henry Greely’s CRISPR People examines what He did, explains why Greely believes it was wrong, describes the world’s reaction, and details what we can and should do about work like this in the future...Greely provides an exquisite view of the wide-ranging issues at play in this particular case."
—Science

"In Crispr People, law professor and bioethicist Henry Greely provides a detailed framework for how to think about regulating to get the best out of Crispr, while avoiding a repeat of He’s experiment with life... the book provides an academic map for how to think about the regulation we need.
—Financial Times

"A serious and scholarly work."
—The Economist 

"Greely, one of the US’ most-cited bioethicists, has spent close to a decade contemplating how society might handle gene-edited humans. But the He Jiankui affair cast his many nebulous concerns into concrete form. In this book, which he says lies “somewhat uneasily between history and journalism,” Greely goes deep into the aftermath of the 2018 revelations and lays out in lawyerly detail the big questions now facing the future of Crispr technology."
—WIRED

"What does it mean to rebuild people through gene editing or other medical interventions? CRISPR People by Henry T. Greely, an ethics and law professor at Stanford University in California, dives in at the deep end with the story of non-identical twin girls who were born in 2018 in China with their DNA edited as embryos. For Greely, the experiment by Chinese scientist He Jiankui that enabled this was reckless and illegal, using technologies that have no extra benefits over existing ones, and is something we should ponder carefully."
—New Scientist

"Greely describes the science, ethics and legal framework of genome editing before CRISPR; how that technology changed the game; what He Jiankui actually did in the laboratory, as far as we know; and how the world responded to the news of the births of genome-edited twins in 2018...Greely argues that human genome editing isn’t inherently wrong, but it can be under certain circumstances — for instance, if used under coercion or before it’s shown to be reasonably safe, or if it reduces genetic diversity (unlikely) or increases social inequality (quite probable). Where Greely stands out is his clear and detailed discussion of situations in which germline genome editing in humans would actually be necessary. His conclusion, shared with commentators is that they would be very rare, either because there are good alternatives or because, in the cases that might call for it, genome editing would be unlikely to work at all."
—Nature

"Greely employs a personal narration, storytelling style, laced with humorous quips, analogies, and informative biographies of participants. He deliberately builds his scientific, legal, and ethical arguments to inform novice and advanced readers from various disciplines and includes generous supporting citations. The result is a highly accessible text appropriate for all interested readers."
—CHOICE

From the Publisher