Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History

by Alastair Iain Johnston

Overview

Cultural Realism is an in-depth study of premodern Chinese strategic thought that has important implications for contemporary international relations theory. In applying a Western theoretical debate to China, Iain Johnston advances rigorous procedures for testing for the existence and influence of "strategic culture."


Johnston sets out to answer two empirical questions. Is there a substantively consistent and temporally persistent Chinese strategic culture? If so, to what extent has it influenced China's approaches to security? The focus of his study is the Ming dynasty's grand strategy against the Mongols (1368-1644). First Johnston examines ancient military texts as sources of Chinese strategic culture, using cognitive mapping, symbolic analysis and congruence tests to determine whether there is a consistent grand strategic preference ranking across texts that constitutes a single strategic culture. Then he applies similar techniques to determine the effect of the strategic culture on the strategic preferences of the Ming decision makers. Finally, he assesses the effect of these preferences on Ming policies towards the Mongol "threat."


The findings of this book challenge dominant interpretations of traditional Chinese strategic thought. They suggest also that the roots of realpolitik are ideational and not predominantly structural. The results lead to the surprising conclusion that there may be, in fact, fewer cross-national differences in strategic culture than proponents of the "strategic culture" approach think.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780691213149
Publisher:	Princeton University Press
Publication date:	05/05/2020
Series:	Princeton Studies in International History and Politics , #75
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	328
File size:	5 MB

About the Author

Alastair Iain Johnston is Assistant Professor of Government and teaches Chinese foreign policy and international relations at Harvard University.

Table of Contents

	List of Figures and Tables
	Preface
Ch. 1	Strategic Culture: A Critique	1
Ch. 2	Some Questions of Methodology	32
Ch. 3	Chinese Strategic Culture and the Parabellum Paradigm	61
Ch. 4	Chinese Strategic Culture and Grand Strategic Preferences	109
Ch. 5	A Return to Theory	155
Ch. 6	The Parabellum Paradigm and the Ming Security Problematique	175
Ch. 7	Chinese Strategic Culture and Ming Grand Strategic Choice	216
Ch. 8	Conclusion	248
Appendix A	Coding Procedures	267
Appendix B	Terms Used to Describe Legitimate Actions Directed at an Adversary	270
Appendix B	Terms Used to Describe Outcomes of Actions against an Adversary	273
Appendix C	Map of Northern Border Areas in the Ming Period	274
	References	275
	Index	293

Editorial Reviews

"If Johnston's analysis of China's strategic culture is correct—and I believe that it is—generational change will not guarantee a kinder, gentler China."—-Warren I. Cohen, The Atlantic Monthly

"[Cultural Realism] contends that the Chinese are no less concerned with the use of military power than any other civilization—a point that scholars have traditionally disputed because, as Johnston demonstrates, they misread the Chinese classics."—-Roderick MacFarquhar, Lingua Franca

"Johnston is correct that many actual Chinese uses of force look far more like 'realism' than many Sinologists have realized. His stress on the 'realist' thread in the classics is likewise very illuminating."—-Arthur Waldron, The New Republic

"The beauty of this book is the clarity and precision of the argument.... We need the intellectual challenge of such social science research on ancient and imperial China."—-Joseph W. Eshrick, Journal of Asian Studies

From the Publisher

The beauty of this book is the clarity and precision of the argument.... We need the intellectual challenge of such social science research on ancient and imperial China.

Journal of Asian Studies - Joseph W. Eshrick

Johnston is correct that many actual Chinese uses of force look far more like 'realism' than many Sinologists have realized. His stress on the 'realist' thread in the classics is likewise very illuminating.

The New Republic - Arthur Waldron

[Cultural Realism] contends that the Chinese are no less concerned with the use of military power than any other civilization—a point that scholars have traditionally disputed because, as Johnston demonstrates, they misread the Chinese classics.

Lingua Franca - Roderick MacFarquhar

If Johnston's analysis of China's strategic culture is correct—and I believe that it is—generational change will not guarantee a kinder, gentler China.

The Atlantic Monthly - Warren I. Cohen

The beauty of this book is the clarity and precision of the argument.... We need the intellectual challenge of such social science research on ancient and imperial China.
— Joseph W. Eshrick

Journal of Asian Studies

Johnston is correct that many actual Chinese uses of force look far more like 'realism' than many Sinologists have realized. His stress on the 'realist' thread in the classics is likewise very illuminating.
— Arthur Waldron

The New Republic

[Cultural Realism] contends that the Chinese are no less concerned with the use of military power than any other civilization—a point that scholars have traditionally disputed because, as Johnston demonstrates, they misread the Chinese classics.
— Roderick MacFarquhar

Lingua Franca

If Johnston's analysis of China's strategic culture is correct—and I believe that it is—generational change will not guarantee a kinder, gentler China.
— Warren I. Cohen

The Atlantic Monthly