Digital Cellular Radio / Edition 1

by George Calhoun

Overview

Offers synthesized information on the rapidly evolving technology of digital cellular radio, including historical development, current status, and future trends of the mobile telephone field.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780890062661
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	07/01/1988
Series:	Artech House Telecommunications Library Series
Pages:	464
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.19(d)

Table of Contents

	Preface	xi
	Acknowledgments	xiii
Part I	Introduction	1
Chapter 1	The Uncertain Future of Mobile Telephony	3
1.1	Marconi versus Bell	3
1.2	The Unique Failure of Mobile Telephony	7
1.3	The Cellular "Disaster"	12
1.4	The "Digital" Panacea	17
Part II	The Age of FM	21
Chapter 2	Mobile Radio Before Cellular: 1921-1968	23
2.1	The Pioneer Phase: 1921-1945	23
2.2	The Commercial Phase: 1946-1968	29
Chapter 3	The Cellular Idea: 1947-1982	39
3.1	The Evolution of the Cellular Idea	39
3.2	The Struggle for Spectrum: 1947-1970	45
3.3	Industry Politics: 1970-1982	49
3.4	Competition and the Changing Regulatory Agenda: 1970-1982	54
Chapter 4	Cellular Realities	63
4.1	The Cost Syndrome	68
4.1.1	Mobile Equipment Economics	68
4.1.2	Cellular System Economics	72
4.1.2.1	System Overhead Costs (Hardware)	74
4.1.2.2	Start-Up and Operating Costs	83
4.1.2.3	Cellular Pricing	86
4.2	The Performance Syndrome	92
4.2.1	Coverage Problems	93
4.2.2	Call-Processing Problems	98
4.2.3	Privacy and Security	103
4.2.4	Data Transmission	111
4.3	The Spectrum Efficiency Syndrome	113
4.4	The Licensing Syndrome	120
4.4.1	The Comparative-Hearings Phase	121
4.4.2	The Lottery Phase	124
4.4.3	Speculation	129
4.5	The End of an Era	134
Part III	Digital Communication: The Basics	141
Chapter 5	The Reemergence of Digital Communication	143
5.1	The Analog Revolution	143
5.2	The Digital Resurgence	146
Chapter 6	The Digital Vocabulary	151
6.1	The First Coding Stage: A/D Conversion	154
6.1.1	Sampling	154
6.1.2	Quantization	158
6.1.3	Coding	160
6.2	The Second Coding Stage: Modulation	164
6.3	Transmission and Signal Processing	168
6.3.1	Regeneration: The "Conquest of Distance"	170
6.3.2	Control of Intersymbol Interference: Recovery of the Physical Code	174
6.3.3	Error Control: Recovery of the Logical Code	177
6.3.4	Multiplexing	178
Chapter 7	The Advantages of Digital Communication	185
7.1	The Digital Network	187
7.2	The Digital Network Is Robust	188
7.3	The Intelligence of the Digital Network	190
7.4	The Flexibility of the Digital Network	192
7.5	The Digital Network Is Generic	192
7.6	The Efficiency of the Digital Network	193
7.7	Security and the Digital Network	193
7.8	The Digital Network Is Dynamic	194
7.9	The Integrated Digital Network	195
Part IV	Design Challenges for Mobile Telephony	197
Chapter 8	Designing for the Mobile Environment	199
8.1	The Vocabulary of Radio	202
8.2	The Fate of the Radio Wave	206
8.2.1	Free Space Loss	206
8.2.2	Blockage (Attenuation)	207
8.2.3	Multipath	212
8.2.3.1	Delay Spread	214
8.2.3.2	Rayleigh Fading	216
8.2.3.3	Doppler Shift	220
8.3	Effects on System Performance	221
8.3.1	Path Effects	221
8.3.2	System Effects	222
8.4	Traditional Countermeasures	225
8.4.1	Fade Margins	225
8.4.2	Diversity	226
8.4.3	Supplementary Base Stations	229
8.5	Digital Countermeasures	229
8.5.1	Robust Voice Coding	231
8.5.2	Robust Modulation	232
8.5.3	Adaptive Equalization	232
8.5.4	Error Correction	235
Chapter 9	Designing for Frequency Reuse	239
9.1	The Engineering Implications of Frequency Reuse	240
9.2	Interference-Limited Systems	242
9.3	Cochannel Interference and the Mobile Environment	244
9.4	The Relationship Between Geographical Separation and the Reuse Factor	249
9.5	The Effect of Reduced C/I Requirements for Digital Systems	251
Chapter 10	Other Design Considerations	255
10.1	Designing for Modularity and Geographical Flexibility	256
10.1.1	Example: Adjacent Channel Utilization	257
10.1.2	Example: Modularity and Growth	259
10.2	Designing for Low Cost	259
10.3	Designing for Compatibility with Future Network Services	260
10.4	Designing for a Competitive Marketplace	262
10.4.1	Future Proofing	262
10.4.2	Competition Among Operators	263
Part V	Technological Alternatives for the Next Generation	265
Chapter 11	The Broad Technology Alternatives	267
11.1	The Flexibility of Digital Design	268
11.2	The Flexibility of Digital Formats	269
11.3	Analog versus Digital	274
11.4	Wideband versus Narrowband Systems	276
11.5	Multiplexing and Access Technique: FDMA versus TDMA versus CDMA	283
11.6	System Control Structures: Centralized versus Distributed Control	290
11.6.1	Nets	290
11.6.2	Interface Point	294
11.7	Summary of General Directions of the Next Generation	294
Chapter 12	Alternatives for the Radio Link	297
12.1	Analog Techniques	298
12.1.1	Narrowband FM	298
12.1.2	Single-Sideband Modulation	299
12.2	Digital Techniques	303
12.2.1	Digital Modulation for Mobile Radio	304
12.2.1.1	Spectral Efficiency and Multilevel Modulation	304
12.2.1.2	Narrow Power Spectrum	309
12.2.1.3	Intersymbol Interference	312
12.2.1.4	Modulation Strategies	316
12.2.2	Voice Coding for Mobile Radio	317
12.2.2.1	Coding Strategies	318
12.2.2.2	Representative Coding Techniques	321
12.2.3	Interdependence of Coding and Modulation	334
12.2.3.1	Interdependent Design	334
12.2.3.2	Interdependent Performance	336
12.3	Spread-Spectrum Techniques	339
12.3.1	The Great Unknown	339
12.3.2	The Background of Spread Spectrum	343
12.3.3	Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH/SS)	344
12.3.4	Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS/SS)	351
12.3.5	Performance of Spread-Spectrum Techniques	355
12.3.6	Application to Mobile-Telephone Systems	356
Chapter 13	Alternative System Architectures: Cell Level	363
13.1	FDMA Architecture	365
13.2	TDMA Architecture	369
13.3	CDMA Architecture	373
Chapter 14	Alternative System Architectures: Network Level	377
14.1	Frequency Plans	378
14.2	Growth Plans	381
14.3	Cochannel-Interference Reduction Measures	381
14.4	Traffic and Service Objectives	383
14.5	Roaming and Related Issues	384
14.6	Interface to the Wireline Network	385
14.7	Control: Centralized versus Distributed	389
Chapter 15	Choosing the Future: Evaluating the Alternatives	393
15.1	Spectrum Efficiency	394
15.1.1	Spectral Efficiency (Information Density)	394
15.1.2	Circuit Spectrum Efficiency: Circuits per Megahertz	395
15.1.3	Geographical Spectrum Efficiency: Circuits per Square Mile	396
15.1.4	Economic Spectrum Efficiency: Cost per Circuit (per Megahertz per Square Mile)	398
15.1.5	Communication Efficiency: Improved Individual Communication Utility	398
15.1.6	Allocation Efficiency: Improved Social Utility of Communication	401
15.1.7	Improving Spectrum Efficiency	403
15.1.8	Summary	409
15.2	Cost	410
15.2.1	System Cost Comparisons	410
15.2.2	Mobile-Unit Cost Comparisons	414
15.2.3	Operating Cost Comparisons	415
15.3	Other Criteria: Modularity, Digital Compatibility, Openness to New Technology	415
15.3.1	Modularity and Geographical Flexibility	415
15.3.2	Digital Network Compatibility	416
15.3.3	Openness to New Technology	417
15.4	Summary	418
Part VI	Managing the Transition	421
Chapter 16	A Look Ahead	423
16.1	The Question of Standards	426
16.2	Looking Backward: Compatibility of the Next Generation with the Installed Analog Base	432
16.3	Looking Forward: Openness to Future Technological Change	437
16.4	Competition	438
16.5	A Modest Proposal	442
	Index	445