Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Figure Citations xvii
About the Author xix
1. Overview 1
1.1 The Power Delivery Chain in a Vertically Integrated Utility 1
1.2 The Power Delivery Chain in a Market Environment 3
2. Energy, Load, and Generation Technologies 7
2.1 Energy, Power, and their Measurements 7
2.2 Load 14
2.3 Generation Technologies 21
3. The Grid 49
3.1 Fundamentals: Load, Generation, and Alternating Current 49
3.2 Grid Equipment 56
3.3 Grid Reliability and Contingency Requirements 64
3.4 Grid Configuration 67
3.5 Grid Operations 72
3.6 Blackout August 14, 2003 76
4. Short-Term Utility Planning 81
4.1 Planning and Execution of Dispatch: Day-Ahead Planning Through Real-Time Delivery 81
4.2 Day-Ahead Demand Forecasting: Load and Ancillary Service Requirements 84
4.3 Least-Cost Dispatch in a Single Control Area: A Simple Model 89
4.4 A Solution Using Profit Maximization 95
4.5 Least-Cost Dispatch in a Single Control Area with Operating Constraints 99
4.6 Least-Cost Dispatch in a Single Node with Spinning Reserve and Regulation 111
4.7 Least-Cost Dispatch in a Network 113
4.8 Real Time 120
5. Long-Term Utility Planning 122
5.1 Project Development 122
5.2 The Planning Process 127
5.3 Long-Term Load Forecasting 129
5.4 A Simplified Look at Generation Capacity Additions 131
5.5 Generation Additions and Retirements Within a Single Control Area 143
5.6 Generation Additions and Retirements with Transmission to a Single Control Area 147
5.7 Generation Additions and Retirements and Transmission Additions Within a Network 148
5.8 Reserve Reuqirements 151
6. Midterm Utility Planning 152
6.1 Informational Requirements 152
6.2 Formulation of the Optimization Problem 156
7. A Market Environment 161
7.1 Principles and Architecture 161
7.2 Short-Term Market Design: Day-Ahead Scheduling Through Real-Time Delivery 164
7.3 Long-Term Market Design: No Clear Solutions 170
7.4 Midterm Market Design 173
8. Asset Management in Short-Term Markets 180
8.1 Retailers 180
8.2 Power Producers 183
8.3 Integrated Energy Companies 189
9. Investment Analysis: Long-Term Planning in a Market Environment 192
9.1 Investment Setting in Utility and Market Environments 192
9.2 Project Analysis for a Merchant Plant 193
9.3 Power Purchase Agreements (Long-Term Contracts) 202
10. Risk Management in the Midterm Markets 211
10.1 Retailer Risk 211
10.2 Power Producer Risk 214
10.3 A Quick Risk Primer in Statistics for Risk Management 215
10.4 Risk Management in Midterm Markets: Retailers 229
10.5 Risk Management in Midterm Markets: Power Producers 252
10.6 Risk Management in Midterm Markets: Integrated Electricity Suppliers 274
11. The California Experience 278
11.1 Market Fundamentals 279
11.2 Short-Term Market Structure: The CALPX, CAISO, and Other Market Participants 281
11.3 Fatboy, Get Shorty, Ricochet, and Death Star 286
11.4 Market Contrast: PJM and California 288
Bibliography 291
Index 294
