Electronic Warfare In The Information Age / Edition 1

by D. Curtis Schleher

Overview

Here's an advanced practitioner's guide to the latest concepts and threats associated with modern electronic warfare (EW). This new book identifies and explains the newest radar and communications threats, and provides EW and radar engineers, managers, and technical professionals with practical, "how-to" information on designing and implementing ECM and ECCM systems.

Written by a world-renowned expert in radar and electronic warfare, the book helps you develop state-of-the-art ESM systems designed specifically to exploit the vulnerabilities of modern radar. It also identifies and evaluates the latest ESM receiving equipment, and outlines advanced ECM methods, including monopulse deception, coherent radar jamming, and high-ERP generation. Other well-structured sections cover modern ECCM countermeasure techniques, the impact of new stealth technology on ESM and ECM requirements, jammer upgrading procedures, and much more.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780890065266
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	06/30/1999
Series:	Artech House Radar Library Series
Pages:	624
Product dimensions:	6.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.60(d)

About the Author

D. Curtis Schleher is a professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. A Fellow of the IEEE, he is the author of Introduction to Electronic Warfare and MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar, both published by Artech House. He holds a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Polytechnic University.

Read an Excerpt

Chapter 1: Electronic Warfare-Threats,Requirements, and Principles

Electronic warfare (EW) is a military action whose objective is to control the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. To accomplish this objective, both offensive electronic attack (EA) and defensive electronic protection (EP) actions are required. In addition, electronic warfare support (ES) actions are necessary to supply the intelligence and threat recognition that allow implementation of both EA and EP.

Figure 1.1 depicts the formal military terminology and definitions associated with EW. These broadened definitions have evolved from former definitions where functions were called electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), and electronic warfare support measures (ESM) [1]. The new definitions envision an increased EA function including the use of directed energy weapons (lasers, microwave radiation, particle beams), antiradiation missiles (ARMs) and electromagnetic pulses (nuclear weapons destruction of electronics) to destroy enemy electronic equipment. The use of EP is also expanded to include not only protection of individual electronic equipment (ECCM), but use of such measures as electromagnetic control (EMCON), electromagnetic hardening, EW frequency deconfliction and communications security (COMSEC).

ES focuses on action taken for the purpose of near real-time threat recognition in support of immediate decisions involving EA, EP, weapon avoidance, targeting, or other tactical employment of forces. The key actions taken here are intercepting, identifying, analyzing, and locating enemy radiations. EM radiations are generally intercepted using sensitive receivers (i.e., ES receivers) that cover those frequency bands associated with significant threats.

Identification involves comparing the intercepted data against threat signatures stored in a threat library. Location is generally accomplished through a combination of spatially dispersed interceptions.

EA focuses on the offensive use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to directly attack enemy combat capability. It combines nondestructive actions (called "soft kill") involving electronic jamming and deception to degrade or neutralize enemy weapons with the destructive capabilities (called "hard kill") of ARMs and directed energy weapons. Jamming is defined as the deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of EM energy for the purpose of destroying, damaging, or disrupting enemy use of the EM spectrum; while deception is defined as the deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of EM energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information and to deny valid information to enemy electronics-dependent weapons. In a tactical environment, jamming radiations are subject to enemy actions (i.e., ARM attack) and must be carefully controlled. Examples of tactical deception are the use of ARM decoys and the radiation of false emissions to deceive an enemy's signal intelligence (SIGINT) system.

The destructive capability of EA is a relatively new concept in EW. ARMs have been effective in recent conflicts and are the most advanced method of employing destructive EA. Directed energy weapons use lasers or high-powered microwave transmitters to either destroy or disable electronic equipment.

EP focuses on defensive EW for the protection of friendly forces against enemy use of the EM spectrum and also against any unintentional radiations from friendly emitters. Electronic masking, emission control, the use of wartime reserve modes (WARM), electronic hardening, and the integration of EW systems into overall spectrum management are examples of EP actions.

An integral part of EP involves measures taken to imbed various techniques (ECCM) into electronic equipment to make them less vulnerable to EA. These actions reflect the continuing battle between EA and EP designers whereby each side attempts to gain the upper hand over the other. In essence, this is a battle of resources, with the advantage going to the side that invests the most resources.

1.1 Information Warfare

Information warfare (IW) is a broad concept, embraced by the military, whose objective is to control the management and use of information to provide military advantage. Information-based warfare is both offensive and defensive in nature-ranging from measures that prohibit adversaries from exploiting information to corresponding measures to assure the integrity, availability, and interoperability of friendly information assets. Information-based warfare is also waged in political, economic and social arenas and is applicable over the entire national security spectrum under both peacetime and wartime conditions.

From the military viewpoint, IW (sometimes called information operations) is difficult to define and suffers from a paucity of conceptual and descriptive models, theory, and accompanying doctrine. As such, IW is a term that has come to represent an integrated strategy to recognize the importance of information in the command, control, and execution of military forces and in the implementation of national policy. A definition proposed for IW is: "Actions taken to achieve information superiority in support of national military strategy by affecting adversary information and information systems while leveraging and protecting our own information and information systems"

The current revolution in military affairs is largely rooted in the explosive advances which occurred in information technology. Vast amounts of data can be assimilated, processed, and made available to military users, allowing precision weapons to be directed against long-range targets. Protecting the integrity of these data is a major objective of current IW activity.

The global information infrastructure is a worldwide interconnection of communication networks, computers, data bases, and electronic equipment that make vast amounts of information available to users. It encompasses a wide range of equipment, including computers, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, microwave links, nets, scanners, television sets, displays, cable, video and audio tapes, fax machines, and telephone lines. This equipment forms information systems that collect, process, transmit, and disseminate information.

IW capitalizes on the growing sophistication of, connectivity to, and reliance on information technology. It targets information and information systems in order to affect the information dependent process [4]. Such information-dependent processes range from energy, finance, health, logistics, maintenance, transportation, personnel, control systems (e.g., air, sea, rail, road, river, pipeline, and canal transport systems), intelligence, command and control, and communications. All depend upon an assured availability of correct information at the time needed. Destroy or degrade the information or information service and the function is stopped or delayed. Exploiting this dependency relationship is the basis of IW.

As depicted in Figure 1.2, IW deals with a broad set of potential actions occurring in a timeline that involves both competitive (the introductory phase to military conflict) and conflict situations [6]. In the competitive phase, IW allows national level objectives to be achieved without combat. It involves covert actions that occur invisibly to most observers. As the combat timeline moves into conflict situations, IW is implemented using command and control warfare (C2W). C2W is fought at the military level against military decision makers, command and control systems, and combat systems. Its objective is to avoid or limit combat warning to the lowest possible level. It is fought visibly with military systems using overt actions...

Table of Contents

	Preface	xi
1	Electronic Warfare--Threats, Requirements, and Principles	1
1.1	Information Warfare	3
1.1.1	Command and Control Warfare	5
1.2	Intelligence	10
1.3	EA Effect on Radar	13
1.3.1	The Effect of EA on Surveillance Radar	16
1.3.2	The Effect of EA on Tracking Radar	20
1.3.3	Defense Suppression	25
1.4	EA Effect on Communications	31
1.4.1	Communications Jamming Principles	35
1.4.2	EP of Communications Systems	36
1.4.3	EA Waveforms and Strategy	40
1.4.4	EA Against Military Communications Systems	44
1.4.4.1	Tactical Data Links	45
1.4.4.2	Tactical Communication Radio Nets	47
1.4.4.3	Satellite Communications	50
1.5	Problems	58
	References	60
2	Advanced Radar Threat	63
2.1	Low-Intensity Threat	70
2.2	Air Defense Radar	74
2.2.1	EP for Air Defense Radar	82
2.3	Phased Array Radars	99
2.4	Airborne Radar	107
2.4.1	Synthetic Aperture Radar	110
2.4.2	Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar	115
2.4.3	Space Time Adaptive Processing for Airborne Radar	116
2.5	EP Techniques for Surveillance and Tracking Radar	120
2.6	Problems	126
	References	131
3	Modern EA Systems--Architecture, Types, and Technology	133
3.1	Onboard/Offboard Architectures	136
3.2	Operational EA Systems Architecture	138
3.3	EA Radar Jamming Waveforms	147
3.3.1	Noise Jamming	149
3.3.1.1	Noise Jammer Effectiveness	156
3.3.1.2	Dicke-Fix Receiver	164
3.3.2	Deception Jamming	167
3.3.2.1	Repeater Jamming Equations	175
3.4	Transponder Jamming	180
3.5	Support Jamming	182
3.5.1	Issues in Support Jamming	184
3.5.2	Direct Digital Synthesis Jamming	187
3.5.3	Digital Radio Frequency Memories	188
3.5.4	Comparison of DDS and DRFM Support Jamming	189
3.6	Problems	193
	References	198
4	EA Against Modern Radar Systems	201
4.1	PC	202
4.1.1	Linear FM Pulse Compression	203
4.1.2	Phase-Coded Pulse Compression	213
4.1.3	EA Against Pulse-Compression Radar	219
4.2	Pulsed Doppler Radar	229
4.2.1	EA Against PD Radar	242
4.3	Monopulse	257
4.3.1	EA Against Monopulse Radars	262
4.4	Coherent Sidelobe Cancelers	279
4.4.1	EA Against Coherent Sidelobe Cancelers	287
4.5	Problems	289
	References	291
5	Digital Radio Frequency Memory	293
5.1	DRFM Architectures	294
5.2	DRFM Fundamentals	301
5.3	DRFM Sampling Techniques	318
5.4	Direct Digital Synthesizer	322
5.5	Advanced DRFM Architecture	324
5.6	Voltage Controlled Oscillators	326
5.7	Problems	329
	References	330
6	Electronic Warfare Support	333
6.1	Signal and Threat Environment	334
6.2	Parameters Measured by the ES System	336
6.2.1	Pulse Deinterleaving	337
6.2.2	Processing of Multiple Pulse Emitters	344
6.3	Advanced ES Systems	345
6.3.1	Advanced Receiver Systems	361
6.3.1.1	Channelized Receiver	362
6.3.1.2	Compressive Receiver	365
6.3.1.3	Acousto-Optic Bragg Cell Receiver	371
6.3.1.4	Digital Receiver	373
6.4	Direction Finding	377
6.5	Probability of Intercept	386
6.6	Problems	396
	References	402
7	Expendables and Decoy Systems	405
7.1	Design of Expendable EA Systems	409
7.2	Chaff	413
7.2.1	Chaff Fundamentals	416
7.2.2	Chaff Shielding Effects	420
7.2.3	Chaff Characteristics	421
7.2.4	Dispensing Chaff	422
7.2.5	Rope Chaff	425
7.2.6	Self-Protection Chaff	425
7.2.7	EP Against Chaff	427
7.3	Infrared Missile Attack	429
7.3.1	IR Missile Seeker Fundamentals	434
7.3.2	IR Missile Detection Range	443
7.3.3	IR Missile Seeker Counter Countermeasures	448
7.3.4	Missile Approach Warning	451
7.3.4.1	MAW Using Pulsed Doppler Radar	453
7.3.4.2	IR Missile Countermeasures	459
7.4	Problems	463
	References	468
8	Directed Energy Weapons and Stealth Technology	471
8.1	Directed Energy Weapons	472
8.1.1	High-Power Microwave Weapons	475
8.1.1.1	Propagation Limitations	478
8.1.1.2	Beam Generation	482
8.1.1.3	HPM Effect on Electronic Equipment	485
8.1.2	High-Energy Lasers	487
8.1.2.1	Laser Atmospheric Propagation	493
8.1.2.2	Laser Beam Control	495
8.1.3	Charged Particle Beam (CPB) Weapons	496
8.2	Stealth	498
8.2.1	Stealth Fundamentals	508
8.2.1.1	Rebalancing the Radar Equation	522
8.2.1.2	MTI Considerations for Stealth Targets	525
8.3	Problems	531
	References	536
Appendix A	Radar Jamming Modeling and Analysis Tool	539
A.1	Run Instructions	540
A.2	Program Discussion and Notes	542
A.3	Examples	545
A.4	RGJMAT Supporting Programs	573
	References	578
	Acronym List	579
	Index	581

Editorial Reviews

Schleher (Navy Postgraduate School) begins by familiarizing the reader with the numerous acronyms associated with EW<-->e.g. C2W (command and control warfare), EA (electronic attack), IW (information warfare), and DRFMs (digital radio frequency memories). Coverage includes threats, requirements, and principles; advanced radar threat; EA against modern radar systems; electronic warfare support; expendables and decoy systems; stealth technology; and radar jamming modeling. The disk includes 50 MATLAB programs for use with the text's many examples. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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