Elements of Chemistry

by Antoine Lavoisier

Overview

The debt of modern chemistry to Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) is incalculable. With Lavoisier's discoveries of the compositions of air and water (he gave the world the term 'oxygen') and his analysis of the process of combustion, he was able to bury once and for all the then prevalent phlogiston doctrine. He also recognized chemical elements as the ultimate residues of chemical analysis and, with others, worked out the beginnings of the modern system of nomenclature. His premature death at the hands of a Revolutionary tribunal is undoubtedly one of the saddest losses in the history of science.
Lavoisier's theories were promulgated widely by a work he published in 1789: Traité élémentairede Chimie. The famous English translation by Robert Kerr was issued a year later. Incorporating the notions of the "new chemistry," the book carefully describes the experiments and reasoning which led Lavoisier to his conclusions, conclusions which were generally accepted by the scientific community almost immediately. It is not too much to claim that Lavoisier's Traité did for chemistry what Newton's Principia did for physics, and that Lavoisier founded modern chemistry.
Part One of the Traité covers the composition of the atmosphere and water, and related experiments, one of which (on vinous fermentation) permits Lavoisier to make the first explicit statement of the law of the conservation of matter in chemical change. The second part deals with the compounds of acids with various bases, giving extensive tables of compounds. Its most significant item, however, is the table of simple substances or elements — the first modern list of the chemical elements. The third section of the book reviews in minute detail the apparatus and instruments of chemistry and their uses. Some of these instruments, etc. are illustrated in the section of plates at the end.
This new facsimile edition is enhanced by an introductory essay by Douglas McKie, University College London, one of the world's most eminent historians of science. Prof. McKie gives an excellent survey of historical developments in chemistry leading up to the Traité, Lavoisier's major contributions, his work in other fields, and offers a critical evaluation of the importance of this book and Lavoisier's role in the history of chemistry. This new essay helps to make this an authoritative, contemporary English-language edition of one of the supreme classics of science.

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ISBN-13:	9780486141251
Publisher:	Dover Publications
Publication date:	09/12/2011
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	640
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Elements of Chemistry

in a new systematic order, containing all the modern discoveries

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By Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Robert Kerr

Dover Publications, Inc.

Copyright © 1965 Dover Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-486-14125-1

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CHAPTER 1

Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids.

THAT every body, whether solid or fluid, is augmented in all its dimensions by any increase of its sensible heat, was long ago fully established as a physical axiom, or universal proposition, by the celebrated Boerhaave. Such facts as have been adduced for controverting the generality of this principle offer only fallacious results, or, at least, such as are so complicated with foreign circumstances as to mislead the judgment; But, when we separately consider the effects, so as to deduce each from the cause to which they separately belong, it is easy to perceive that the separation of particles by heat is a constant and general law of nature.

When we have heated a solid body to a certain degree, and have thereby caused its particles to separate from each other, if we allow the body to cool, its particles again approach each other in the same proportion in which they were separated by the increased temperature; the body returns through the same degrees of expansion which it before extended through; and, if it be brought back to the same temperature from which we set out at the commencement of the experiment, it recovers exactly the same dimensions which it formerly occupied. But, as we are still very far from being able to arrive at the degree of absolute cold, or deprivation of all hear, being unacquainted with any degree of coldness which we cannot suppose capable of still farther augmentation, it follows, that we are still incapable of causing the ultimate particles of bodies to approach each other as near as is possible; and, consequently, that the particles of all bodies do not touch each other in any state hitherto known, which, tho' a very singular conclusion, is yet impossible to be denied.

It is supposed, that, since the particles of bodies are thus continually impelled by heat to separate from each other, they would have no connection between themselves; and, of consequence, that there could be no solidity in nature, unless they were held together by some other power which tends to unite them, and, so to speak, to chain them together; which power, whatever be its cause, or manner of operation, we name Attraction.

Thus the particles of all bodies may be considered as subjected to the action of two opposite powers, the one repulsive, the other attractive, between which they remain in equilibrio. So long as the attractive force remains stronger, the body must continue in a state of solidity; but if, on the contrary, heat has so far removed these particles from each other, as to place them beyond the sphere of attraction, they lose the adhesion they before had with each other, and the body ceases to be solid.

Water gives us a regular and constant example of these facts; whilst below Zero of the French thermometer, or 32° of Fahrenheit, it remains solid, and is called ice. Above that degree of temperature, its particles being no longer held together by reciprocal attraction, it becomes liquid; and, when we raise its temperature above 80°, (212°) its particles, giving way to the repulsion caused by the heat, assume the state of vapour or gas, and the water is changed into an aëriform fluid.

The same may be affirmed of all bodies in nature: They are either solid or liquid, or in the state of elastic aëriform vapour, according to the proportion which takes place between the attractive force inherent in their particles, and the repulsive power of the heat acting upon-these; or, what amounts to the same thing, in proportion to the degree of heat to which they are exposed,

It is difficult to comprehend these phenomena, without admitting them as the effects of a real and material substance, or very subtile fluid, which, insinuating itself between the particles of bodies, separates them from each other; and, even allowing the existence of this fluid to be hypothetical, we shall see in the sequel, that it explains the phenomena of nature in a very satisfactory manner.

This substance, whatever it is, being the cause of heat, or, in other words, the sensation which we call warmth being caused by the accumulation of this substance, we cannot, in strict language, distinguish it by the term heat; because the same name would then very improperly express both cause and effect. For this reason, in the memoir which I published in 1777, I gave it the names of igneous fluid and matter of heat: And, since that time, in the work published by Mr de Morveau, Mr Berthollet, Mr de Fourcroy, and myself, upon the reformation of chemical nomenclature, we thought it necessary to banish all periphrastic expressions, which both lengthen physical language, and render it more tedious and less distinct, and which even frequently does not convey sufficiently just ideas of the subject intended. Wherefore, we have distinguished the cause of heat, or that exquisitely elastic fluid which produces it, by the term of caloric. Besides, that this expression fulfils our object in the system which we have adopted, it possesses this farther advantage, that it accords with every species of opinion, since, strictly speaking, we are not obliged to suppose this to be a real substance; it being sufficient, as will more clearly appear in the sequel of this work, that it be considered as the repulsive cause, whatever that may be, which separates the particles of matter from each other; so that we are still at liberty to investigate its effects in an abstract and mathematical manner.

In the present state of our knowledge, we are unable to determine whether light be a modification of caloric, or if caloric be, on the contrary, a modification of light. This, however, is indisputable, that, in a system where only decided facts are admissible, and where we avoid, as far as possible, to suppose any thing to be that is not really known to exist, we ought provisionally to distinguish, by distinct terms, such things as are known to produce different effects. We therefore distinguish light from caloric; though we do not therefore deny that these have certain qualities in common, and that, in certain circumstances, they combine with other bodies almost in the same manner, and produce, in part, the same effects.

What I have already said may suffice to determine the idea affixed to the word caloric; but there remains a more difficult attempt, which is, to give a just conception of the manner in which caloric acts upon other bodies. Since this subtile matter penetrates through the pores of all known substances; since there are no vessels through which it cannot escape, and, consequently, as there are none which are capable of retaining it, we can only come at the knowledge of its properties by effects which are fleeting, and difficultly ascertainable. It is in these things which we neither see nor feel, that it is especially necessary to guard against that extravagancy of our imagination, which forever inclines to step beyond the bounds of truth, and is very difficultly restrained within the narrow line of facts.

We have already seen, that the same body becomes solid, or fluid, or aëriform, according to the quantity of caloric by which it is penetrated; or, to speak more strictly, according as the repulsive force exerted by the caloric is equal to, stronger, or weaker, than the attraction of the particles of the body it acts upon.

But, if these two powers only existed, bodies would become liquid at an indivisible degree of the thermometer, and would almost instantaneously pass from the solid state of aggregation to that of aëriform elasticity. Thus water, for instance, at the very moment when it ceases to be ice, would begin to boil, and would be transformed into an aëriform fluid, having its particles scattered indefinitely through the surrounding space. That this does not happen, must depend upon the action of some third power. The pressure of the atmosphere prevents this separation, and causes the water to remain in the liquid state till it be raised to 80° of temperature (212°) above zero of the French thermometer, the quantity of caloric which it receives in the lowest temperature being insufficient to overcome the pressure of the atmosphere.

Whence it appears that, without this atmospheric pressure, we should not have any permanent liquid, and should only be able to see bodies in that state of existence in the very instant of melting, as the smallest additional caloric would instantly separate their particles, and dissipate them through the surrounding medium. Besides, without this atmospheric pressure, we should not even have any aëriform fluids, strictly speaking, because the moment the force of attraction is overcome by the repulsive power of the caloric, the particles would separate themselves indefinitely, having nothing to give limits to their expansion, unless their own gravity might collect them together, so as to form an atmosphere.

Simple reflection upon the most common experiments is sussicient to evince the truth of these positions. They are more particularly proved by the following experiment, which I published in the Memoirs of the French Academy for 1777, P. 426.

Having filled with sulphuric ether * a small narrow glass vessel, A, (Plate VII. Fig. 17.), standing upon its stalk P, the vessel, which is from twelve to fifteen lines diameter, is to be covered by a wet bladder, tied round its neck with several turns of strong thread; for greater security, fix a second bladder over the first, The vessel should be filled in such a manner with the ether, as not to leave the smallest portion of air between the liquor and the bladder. It is now to be placed under the recipient BCD of an air-pump, of which the upper part B ought to be fitted with a leathern lid, through which passes a wire EF, having its point F very sharp; and in the same receiver there ought to be placed the barometer GH. The whole being thus disposed, let the recipient be exhausted and then, by pushing down the wire EF, we make a hole in the bladder. Immediately the ether begins to boil with great violence, and is changed into an elastic aëriform fluid, which fills the receiver. If the quantity of ether be sufficient to leave a few drops in the phial after the evaporation is finished, the elastic fluid produced will sustain the mercury in the barometer attached to the air-pump, at eight or ten inches in winter, and from twenty to twenty-five in summer. To render this experiment more complete, we may introduce a small thermometer into the phial A, containing the ether, which will descend considerably during the evaporation.

The only effect produced in this experiment is, the taking away the weight of the atmosphere, which, in its ordinary state, presses on the surface of the ether; and the effects resulting from this removal evidently prove, that, in the ordinary temperature of the earth, ether would always exist in an aëriform state, but for the pressure of the atmosphere, and that the passing of the ether from the liquid to the aëriform state is accompanied by a considerable lessening of heat; because, during the evaporation, a part of the caloric, which was before in a free state, or at least in equilibrio in the surrounding bodies, combines with the ether, and causes it to assume the aëriform state.

The same experiment succeeds with all evaporable fluids, such as alkohol, water, and even mercury; with this difference, that the atmosphere formed in the receiver by alkohol only supports the attached barometer about one inch in winter, and about four or five inches in summer; that formed by water, in the same situation, raises the mercury only a few lines, and that by quicksilver but a few fractions of a line. There is therefore less fluid evaporated from alkohol than from ether, less from water than from alkohol, and still less from mercury than from either; consequently there is less caloric employed, and less cold produced, which quadrates exactly with the results of these experiments.

It would have been more satisfactory if the Author had specified the degrees of the thermometer at which these heights of the mercury in the barometer are produced.

Another species of experiment proves very evidently that the aëriform state is a modification of bodies dependent on the degree of temperature, and on the pressure which these bodies undergo. In a Memoir read by Mr de la Place and me to the Academy in 1777, which has not been printed, we have shown, that, when ether is subjected to a pressure equal to twenty-eight inches of the barometer, or about the medium pressure of the atmosphere, it boils at the temperature of about 32° (104), or 33° (106.25°), of the thermometer. Mr de Luc, who has made similar experiments with spirit of wine, finds it boils at 67° (182.75°). And all the world knows that water boils at 80° (212°). Now, boiling being only the evaporation of a liquid, or the moment of its passing from the fluid to the aëriform state, it is evident that, if we keep ether continually at the temperature of 33° (106.25°), and under the common pressure of the atmosphere, we shall have it always in an elastic aëriform state; and that the same thing will happen with alkohol when above 67° (182.75°), and with water when above 80° (212°); all which are perfectly conformable to the following experiment.

I filled a large vessel ABCD (Plate VII. Fig. 16.) with water, at 35° (110.75°), or 36° (113°); I suppose the vessel transparent, that we may see what takes place in the experiment; and we can easily hold the hands in water at that temperature without inconvenience. Into it I plunged some narrow necked bottles F, G, which were filled with the water, after which they were turned up, so as to rest on their mouths on the bottom of the vessel. Having next put some ether into a very small matrass, with its neck a b c, twice bent as in the Plate, I plunged this matrass into the water, so as to have its neck inserted into the mouth of one of the bottles F. Immediately upon feeling the effects of the heat communicated to it by the water in the vessel ABCD it began to boil; and the caloric entering into combination with it, changed it into elastic aëriform fluid, with which I filled several bottles successively, F, G, &c.

This is not the place to enter upon the examination of the nature and properties of this aëriform fluid, which is extremely inflammable; but, confining myself to the object at present in view, without anticipating circumstances, which I am not to suppose the reader to know, I shall only observe, that the ether, from this experiment, is almost only capable of existing in the aëriform state in our world; for, if the weight of our atmosphere was only equal to between 20 and 24 inches of the barometer, instead of 28 inches, we should never be able to obtain ether in the liquid state, at least in summer; and the formation of ether would consequently be impossible upon mountains of a moderate degree of elevation, as it would be converted into gas immediately upon being produced, unless we employed recipients of extraordinary strength, together with refrigeration and compression. And, lastly, the temperature of the blood being nearly that at which ether passes from the liquid to the aëriform state, it must evaporate in the primae viae, and consequently it is very probable the medical properties of this fluid depend chiefly upon its mechanical effect.

(Continues...)

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Table of Contents

PART FIRST.
Of the Formation and Decomposition of Aëriform Fluids, of the Combustion of Simple Bodies, and the Formation of Acids
CHAP. I.Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids or Gaffes
CHAP. II.General Views relative to the Formation and Composition of our Atmosphere
CHAP. III. Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and its Division into two Elastic Fluids ; one fit for Respiration, and the other incapable of being respired
CHAP. IV. Nomenclature of the several constituent Parts of Atmospheric Air
CHAP. V. Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Charcoal, and of the Formation of Acids in general
CHAP. VI. Of the Nomenclature of Acids in general, and particularly of those drawn from Nitre and Sea Salt
CHAP. VII. Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by means of Metals, and the Formation of Metallic Oxyds
CHAP. VIII. Of the Radical Principle of Water, and of its Decomposition by Charcoal and Iron
CHAP. IX. Of the Quantities of Caloric disengaged from different Species of Combustion, Combustion of Phosphorus
SECT. I. Combustion of Charcoal
SECT. II. Combustion of Hydrogen Gas
SECT. III. Formation of Nitric Acid
SECT. IV. Combustion of Wax
SECT. V. Combustion of Olive Oil
CHAP. X. Of the Combustion of Combustible Substances with each other
CHAP. XI. Observations upon Oxyds and Acids with several Bases, and upon the Composition of Animal and Vegetable Substances
CHAP. XII. Of the Decomposition of Vegetable and Animal Substances by the Action of Fire
CHAP. XIII. Of the Decomposition of Vegetable Oxyds by the Vinous Fermentation
CHAP. XIV. Of the Putrefactive Fermentation
CHAP. XV. Of the Acetous Fermentation
CHAP. XVI. Of the Formation of Neutral Salts, and of their Bases
SECT. I. Of Potash
SECT. II. Of Soda
SECT. III. Of Ammoniac
SECT. IV. Of Lime, Magnesia, Barytes, and Argill
SECT. V. Of Metallic Bodies
CHAP. XVII. Continuation of the Observations upon Salisiable Bases, and the Formation of Neutral Salts
PART II. Of the Combinations of Acids with Salisiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts
INTRODUCTION
TABLE of Simple Substances
SECT. I. Observations upon simple Substances
TABLE of Compound Oxydable and Acidisiable Bases
SECT. II. Observations upon Compound Radicals
SECT. III. Observations upon the Combinations of Light and Caloric with different Substances
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with the Simple Substances, to face
SECT. IV. Observations upon these Combinations
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with Compound Radicals
SECT. V. Observation upon these Combinations
TABLE of the Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances
SECT. VI. Observations upon these Combinations of Azote
TABLE of the Combinations of Hydrogen with Simple Substances
SECT. VII. Observations upon Hydrogen, and its Combinations
TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Sulphur with the Simple Substances
SECT. VIII. Observations upon Sulphur, and its Combinations
TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorous with Simple Substances
SECT. IX. Observations upon Phosphorous and its Combinations
TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Charcoal
SECT. X. Observations upon Charcoal, and its Combinations
SECT. XI. Observations upon the Muriatic, Fluoric, and Boracic Radicals, and their Combinations
SECT. XII. Observations upon the Combinations of Metals with each other
TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitrous Acid, with the Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitric Acid, with the Salisiable Bases
SECT. XIII. Observations upon Nitrous and Nitric Acids, and their Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphuric Acid with the Salisiable Bases
SECT. XIV. Observations upon Sulphuric Acid, and its Combinations
TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphurous Acid
SECT. XV. Observations upon Sulphurous Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids
SECT. XVI. Observations upon Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, and their Combination with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Carbonic Acid
SECT. XVII. Observations upon Carbonic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Muriatic Acid
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygenated Muriatic Acid
SECT. XVIII. Observations upon Muriatic and Oxygenated Muriatic Acid, and their Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Nitro-Muriatic Acid
SECT. XIX. Observations upon Nitro-muriatic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Fluoric Acid
SECT. XX. Observations upon Fluoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Boracic Acid
SECT. XXI. Observations upon Boracic Acid, and its Combinations with Sulisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Arseniac Acid
SECT. XXII. Observations upon Arseniac Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXIV. Observations upon Tungstic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases, and a Table of these in the order of their Affinity
TABLE of the Combinations of Tartarous Acid
SECT. XXV. Observations upon Tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXVI. Observations upon Mallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Citric Acid
SECT. XXVII. Observations upon Citric Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid
SECT. XXVIII. Observations upon Pyro-lignous Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXIX. Observations upon Pyro-tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-mucous Acid
SECT. XXX. Observations upon Pyro-mucous Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Oxalic Acid
SECT. XXXI. Observations upon Oxalic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Acetous Acid, to face
SECT. XXXII. Observations upon Acetous Acid, and its Combinations with the Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combination of Acetic Acid
SECT. XXXIII. Observations upon Acetic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Succinic Acid
SECT. XXXIV. Observations upon Succinic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXXV. Observations upon Benzoic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXXVI. Observations upon Camphoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXXVII. Observations upon Gallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
SECT. XXXVIII. Observations upon Lactic Acid, and its Combinations with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Saccho-lactic Acid
SECT. XXXIX. Observations upon Saccho-lactic Acid, and its Combination with Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of Formic Acid
SECT. XL. Observations upon Formic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salisiable Bases
SECT. XLI. Observations upon the Bombic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combinations of the Sebacic Acid
SECT. XLII. Observations upon the Sebacic Acid and its Combinations with the Salisiable Bases
SECT. XLIII. Observation upon the Lithic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salisiable Bases
TABLE of the Combination of the Prussic Acid
SECT. XLIV. Observations upon the Prussic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salisiable Bases
PART III.
Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
CHAP. I. Of the Instruments necessary for determining the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies
CHAP. II. Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aëriform Substances
SECT. I. Of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus
SECT. II. Of the Gazometer
SECT. III. Some other methods for Measuring the Volume of Gasses
SECT. IV. Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other
SECT. V. Of the necessary Corrections of the Volume of Gasses, according to the Pressure of the Atmosphere
SECT. VI. Of the Correction relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer
SECT. VII. Example for Calculating the Corrections relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature
SECT. VIII. Method of determining the Weight of the different Gasses
CHAP. III. Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric
CHAP. IV. Of the Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies
SECT. I. Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization
SECT. II. Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances
SECT. III. Of Filtration
SECT. IV. Of Decantation
CHAP. V. Of Chemical means for Separating the Particles of Bodies from each other without Decomposition, and for Uniting them again
SECT. I. Of the Solution of Salts
SECT. II. Of Lixivation
SECT. III. Of Evaporation
SECT. IV. Of Cristallization
SECT. V. Of Simple Distillation
SECT. VI. Of Sublimation
CHAP. VI. Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions, and some other operations which require very complicated instruments
SECT. I. Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations
SECT. II. Of Metallic Dissolutions
SECT. III. Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putresactive Fermentations
SECT. IV. Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water
CHAP. VII. Of the Composition and Use of Lutes
CHAP. VIII. Of Operations upon Combustion and Deslagration
SECT. I. Of Combustion in general
SECT. II. Of the Combustion of Phosphorus
SECT. III. Of the Combustion of Charcoal
SECT. IV. Of the Combustion of Oils
SECT. V. Of the Combustion of Alkohol
SECT. VI. Of the Combustion of Ether
SECT. VII. Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water
SECT. VIII. Of the Oxydation of Metals
CHAP. IX. Of Deflagration
CHAP. X. Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures
SECT. I. Of Fusion
SECT. II. Of Furnaces
SECT. III. Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air
APPENDIX
No. I. TABLE for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch, and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch
No. II. TABLE for Converting the Observed Heighth of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury
No. III. TABLE for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr. Priestley into French and English Cubical Inches
No. IV. TABLE for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale
No. V. ADDITIONAL RULES for Converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent English Denominations
No. VI. TABLE of Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54·5°) of temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight
No. VII. TABLES of the Specific Gravities of different bodies
No. VIII. ADDITIONAL RULES for Calculating the Absolute Gravity in English Troy Weight of a Cubic Foot and Inch, English Measure, of any Substance whose Specific Gravity is known
No. IX. TABLES for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy into Ounces, &c.
No. X. TABLE of the English Cubical Inches and Decimals corresponding to a determinate Troy Weight of Distilled Water at the Temperature