Elixir: A History of Water and Humankind

by Brian Fagan

Overview

Elixir spans five millennia, from ancient Mesopotamia to the parched present of the Sun Belt. As Brian Fagan shows, every human society has been shaped by its relationship toour most essential resource. Fagan's sweeping narrative moves across the world, from ancient Greece and Rome, whose mighty aqueducts still supply modern cities, to China, where emperors marshaled armies of laborers in a centuries-long struggle to tame powerful rivers. He sets out three ages of water: In the first age, lasting thousands of years, water was scarce or at best unpredictable-so precious that it became sacred in almost every culture.
By the time of the Industrial Revolution, human ingenuity had made water flow even in the most arid landscapes.This was the second age: water was no longer a mystical force to be worshipped and husbanded, but a commodity to be exploited. The American desert glittered with swimming pools- with little regard for sustainability. Today, we are entering a third age of water: As the earth's population approaches nine billion and ancient aquifers run dry,we will have to learn once again to show humility, even reverence, for this vital liquid. To solve the water crises of the future, we may need to adapt the water ethos of our ancestors.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781608190034
Publisher:	Bloomsbury USA
Publication date:	06/07/2011
Pages:	416
Product dimensions:	6.50(w) x 9.40(h) x 1.40(d)

About the Author

Brian Fagan was born in England and spent several years doing fieldwork in Africa. He is emeritus professor of anthropology at the
University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the author of
Cro-Magnon, the New York
Times bestseller The Great
Warming, and many other books, including Fish on
Friday: Feasting, Fasting and the Discovery of the New World
and several books on climate history,
including The Little Ice Age and The Long
Summer.

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Author's Note xxix

Part I Canals, Furrows, and Rice Paddies

1 The Elixir of Life 3

2 Farmers and Furrows 21

3 "Whoever Has a-Channel Has a Wife" 39

4 Hohokam: "Something That Is All Gone" 55

5 The Power of the Waters 77

Part II Waters from Afar

6 Landscapes of Enlil 99

7 The Lands of Enki 116

8 "I Caused a Canal to Be Cut" 134

9 The Waters of Zeus 153

10 Aquae Romae 176

Part III Cisterns and Monsoons

11 Waters That Purify 201

12 China's Sorrow 222

Part IV Ancient American Hydrologists

13 The Water Lily Lords 247

14 Triumphs of Gravity 267

Part V Gravity and Beyond

15 The Waters of Islam 291

16 "Lifting Power … More Certain than That of a Hundred Men" 310

17 Mastery? 330

Acknowledgments 349

Notes 351

Index 371

Editorial Reviews

Five thousand years of rising and falling civilizations flow through Fagan's sweeping survey of man's ability to harness water. From the stirrings of agricultural settlements in the Euphrates Valley to the canny manipulation that sent the Owens River's flow to a tiny California town called Los Angeles at the start of the 20th century, Fagan (The Great Warming), an archeologist, digs down into our relationship to water sources, pointing out that "water is capricious and powerful, far more masterful than the humans and animals that depend on it." However, this survey veers unevenly, offering vivid descriptions of the hazards of channeling water in prehistoric northern Iraq, of water distribution in traditional Balinese governance structures, of Middle Eastern irrigation engineering that becomes mired in measurements and dimensions. Fagan prompts an appreciation of water's centrality to civilization and of human ingenuity, but his topic is so broad and his treatment so dry that his conclusion—a call for a profound realignment of an increasingly urban world with its dwindling water supplies—lacks the impact it deserves. (June)

Publishers Weekly

As always with Mr. Fagan's work, the range is dazzling, the focus sharp and the pictures vivid...The author holds us with his glittering eye, as he conjures a vision of a world with water everywhere, nor any drop to drink.” —Wall Street Journal

“Juxtaposes ancient and contemporary cultures' veneration of water with the current commodification of it …Fagan is a passionate and lively writer.” —Los Angeles Times

“… examines societies' relationships with water since ancient times, and describes how the advance of technology has led to unsustainable management and depletion of our most valuable resource.” —Chronicle of Higher Education

“It is hard to imagine industrial societies regaining some sense of water as sacred. The best we might hope for in the near term is a new-found respect for water. Reading Fagan's book is an enjoyable way of gaining that respect, by taking a tour through the hard-won lessons of the past.” —Nature Climate Change

“Eye-opening….making sense of water and its place in the development of civilization....[Fagan] understands how the ancients struggled with changing climate and that what matters has always been the fluctuating availability of water, rather than shifting temperatures. That is an important lesson for us now.” —Washington Post

“Supplying intriguing historical background, Fagan well informs those pondering freshwater's role in contemporary environmental problems.” —Booklist

“Important and, from a New York Times best-selling author, accessible to all.” —Library Journal

“Fagan prompts an appreciation of water's centrality to civilization and of human ingenuity.” —Publishers Weekly

“A rewarding survey of water's role in history and contemporary politics alike.” —Kirkus

“Not just a fascinating book, but also an important one… [a] marvelous history… Don't take water or Elixir for granted. Give this important book a read—and then maybe send a copy to your local representative or senator.” —Mother Nature Network

“At a time of increasing threats of regional ‘water wars,' Elixir provides crucial temporal depth and worldwide scope to an emerging water scarcity crisis that we can no longer ignore. Fagan's detailed examination of past use and abuse of water—highlighted by personal experience—makes his book not only a major source on the subject but, as usual, enjoyable reading.” —R. Gwinn Vivian, curator emeritus of archaeology, Arizona State Museum, author of The Chaco Handbook

“[Fagan] is a beguiling writer and his lessons from global experience are both refreshing and sobering.” —Daily Express (UK)

“A comprehensive look at the history of water control… there are places on the earth today where our water control systems are breaking down, and most of us don't yet recognize how devastating the effects of that will be. Elixir helps that realization… This book is one of the best pop science books I've read in a long time…there is much to reread and contemplate.” —About.com

From the Publisher

Fagan (emeritus, anthropology, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara; The Great Warming) traces humankind's relationship to water through history. He delves beyond water's life-sustaining properties to explore humans' ritualistic connection to water and the necessity of controlling water in both drought and flood-prone areas. The focus is on technology, ranging from simple furrows to more elaborate aqueducts, and on the correlation between the success of these water-controlling techniques and the civilizations associated with them. Fagan proposes three stages in the evolution of our relationship to water. In the remote past, access to water was unreliable; water was often scarce and therefore sacred. From about 2000 years ago through the Industrial Revolution, water was viewed as a commodity to be exploited. The current era views water as a finite resource that needs to be managed accordingly. VERDICT Recommended reading for anyone with an interest in the history of humans' relationship to water and for science buffs.—Diana Hartle, Univ. of Georgia Science Lib., Athens

Library Journal

Anthropologist Fagan (Cro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans, 2010, etc.) spins a tale of water, water everywhere—water that is damn hard to get at, and getting harder to find every day.

Humans cannot live without the stuff, of course. Yet, writes the author, "[o]f all the resources that we rely on for survival in today's world, water is the least appreciated and certainly the most misunderstood." It has not always been so. Fagan serves up anecdotes and historical episodes showing how pre-industrial people, or at least people wiser than we, properly appreciated water, from the San hunters of the Kalahari, who see the whole world as a sometimes grudging source of the substance, to John Wesley Powell's efforts to create political divisions in the American West not based on surveyors' straight lines but on natural watersheds. Politics is important to Fagan's story, for much of human history hinges on control of water. The author examines the famed Wittfogel hypothesis of anthropological renown, which keyed the development of political institutions to bureaucracies surrounding water in places such as Mesopotamia. However, the control of water is not necessarily coercive—and there the story turns to lessons for our own time, a scramble for control on the part of private concerns wishing to monetize what has long been held a public good, which will require of us "long-term thinking ... decisive political leadership and...a reordering of financial priorities." If that seems improbable, so do some of the engineering feats that Fagan recounts—even if it seems that, over time, we've gotten worse at managing this essential resource.

Long and discursive, but a rewarding survey of water's role in history and contemporary politics alike.

Kirkus Reviews

Brian Fagan’s entry into the burgeoning popular literature of water policy delves deeply into the archaeologist’s fascination with traditional human cultures and their relationships to their environments. James Langton’s narration is always even and clear. The listener learns about Bali’s water priests, African irrigation channels, Assyrian water tunnels, wells of the ancient Indus, Mayan agriculture, and more. The issues generally associated with industrial and postindustrial water policy in the U.S. and around the world appear only in the last chapter. Langton enlivens even the most obscure facts about medieval waterwheels and Roman aqueducts. His pleasant accent matches Fagan’s Cambridge pedigree. F.C. © AudioFile 2011, Portland, Maine

DECEMBER 2011 - AudioFile