Engineering Problem Solving With C++ / Edition 4

by Delores Etter, Jeanine Ingber

Overview

For one/two semester courses in Engineering and Computer Science at the freshman/sophomore level.

Engineering Problem Solving With C++, Fourth Edition provides a clear, concise introduction to engineering problem solving with C++ as well as the object-oriented features of the C++ programming language. The authors’ proven five-step problem solving methodology is presented and then incorporated in every chapter of the text. The chapters in this text are designed to give the instructor flexibility in the ordering of topics with chapter topics covering the essentials of mathematical computations, character data, control structures, functions, arrays, classes, and pointers. Outstanding engineering and scientific applications are used throughout; all applications are centered around the theme of engineering challenges in the 21st century with an emphasis on incorporating real-world engineering and scientific examples and problems.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780134444291
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	03/08/2016
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	696
Product dimensions:	7.30(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.00(d)

Table of Contents

Introduction to Computing and Engineering

1 Problem Solving

1.1 Historical Perspective

1.2 Recent Engineering Achievements

Changing Engineering Environment

1.3 Computing Systems

Computer Hardware

Computer Software

1.4 Data Representation and Storage

Number Systems

Data Types and Storage

1.5 An Engineering Problem-Solving Methodology

Summary

2 Simple C++ Programs

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Vehicle Performance

2.1 Program Structure

2.2 Constants and Variables

Scientific Notation

Numeric Data Types

Boolean Data Type

Character Data Type

String Data

Symbolic Constants

Auto Type Specifier

2.3 C++ Classes

Class Declaration

Class Implementation

2.4 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: Xcode

Xcode

2.5 C++ Operators

Assignment Operator

Arithmetic Operators

Precedence of Operators

Overflow and Underflow

Increment and Decrement Operators

Abbreviated Assignment Operators

2.6 Standard Input and Output

The cout Object

Stream Objects

Manipulators

The cin Object

2.7 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: NetBeans

NetBeans

2.8 Basic Functions Included in the C++ Standard Library

Elementary Math Functions

Trigonometric Functions

Hyperbolic Functions*

Character Functions

2.9 Problem Solving Applied: Velocity Computation

2.10 System Limitations

Summary

3 Control Structures: Selection

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Global Change

3.1 Algorithm Development

Top-Down Design

3.2 Structured Programming

Pseudocode

Evaluation of Alternative Solutions

3.3 Conditional Expressions

Relational Operators

Logical Operators

Precedence and Associativity

3.4 Selection Statements: if Statement

Simple if Statements

if/else Statement

3.5 Numerical Technique: Linear Interpolation

3.6 Problem Solving Applied: Freezing Temperature of Seawater

3.7 Selection Statements: switch Statement

3.8 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: NetBeans

NetBeans

3.9 Defining Operators for Programmer-Defined Data Types

Summary

4 Control Structures: Repetition

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Data Collection

4.1 Algorithm Development

Pseudocode and Flowchart Description

4.2 Repetition Structures 156

while Loop

do/while Loop

for Loop

4.3 Problem Solving Applied: GPS

4.4 break and continue Statements

4.5 Structuring Input Loops

Counter-Controlled Loops

Sentinel-Controlled Loop

End-Of-Data Loop

4.6 Problem Solving Applied: Weather Balloons

4.7 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: Microsoft Visual C++

Microsoft Visual C++

Summary

5 Working with Data Files

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Weather Prediction

5.1 Defining File Streams

Stream Class Hierarchy

ifstream Class

ofstream Class

5.2 Reading Data Files

Specified Number of Records

Trailer or Sentinel Signals

End-of-File

5.3 Generating a Data File

5.4 Problem Solving Applied: Data Filters–Modifying an HTML File

5.5 Error Checking

The Stream State

5.6 Numerical Technique: Linear Modeling

5.7 Problem Solving Applied: Ozone Measurements

5.8 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: Xcode-Weather Patterns

Summary

6 Modular Programming with Functions

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Simulation

6.1 Modularity

6.2 Programmer-Defined Functions

Function Definition

Solution 1

Solution 2

Function Prototype

6.3 Parameter Passing

Pass by Value

Pass by Reference

Storage Class and Scope

6.4 Problem Solving Applied: Calculating a Center of Gravity

6.5 Random Numbers

Integer Sequences

Floating-Point Sequences

6.6 Problem Solving Applied: Instrumentation Reliability

6.7 Defining Class Methods

Public Interface

Accessor Methods

Mutator Methods

6.8 Problem Solving Applied: Design of Composite Materials

Solution 1:

Solution 2:

6.9 Numerical Technique: Roots of Polynomials

Polynomial Roots

Incremental-Search Technique

6.10 Problem Solving Applied: System Stability

Newton—Raphson Method

6.11 Numerical Technique: Integration

Integration Using the Trapezoidal Rule

Summary

7 One-Dimensional Arrays

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Tsunami Warning Systems

7.1 Arrays

Definition and Initialization

Pseudocode

Range-based for Statement

Computation and Output

Function Arguments

7.2 Problem Solving Applied: Hurricane Categories 357

7.3 Statistical Measurements

Simple Analysis

Variance and Standard Deviation

Custom Header Files

7.4 Problem Solving Applied: Speech Signal Analysis

7.5 Sorting and Searching Algorithms

Selection Sort

Search Algorithms

Unordered Lists

Ordered Lists

7.6 Problem Solving Applied: Tsunami Warning Systems

7.7 Character Strings

C Style String Definition and I/O

String Functions

7.8 The string Class

7.9 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: Xcode Vegetation Maps

7.10 The vector class

Parameter Passing

7.11 Problem Solving Applied: Calculating Probabilities

Summary

8 Two-Dimensional Arrays

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Terrain Navigation

8.1 Two-Dimensional Arrays

Declaration and Initialization

Computations and Output

Function Arguments

8.2 Problem Solving Applied: Terrain Navigation

8.3 Two-Dimensional Arrays and the vector class

Function Arguments

8.4 Matrices

Determinant

Transpose

Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Matrix Multiplication

8.5 Numerical Technique: Solution to Simultaneous Equations

Graphical Interpretation

Gauss Elimination

8.6 Problem Solving Applied: Electrical Circuit Analysis

8.7 Higher-Dimensional Arrays

Summary

9 An Introduction to Pointers

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Weather Patterns

9.1 Addresses and Pointers

Address Operator

Pointer Assignment

Pointer Arithmetic

9.2 Pointers to Array Elements

One-Dimensional Arrays

Character Strings

Pointers as Function Arguments

9.3 Problem Solving Applied: El Niño-Southern Oscillation Data

9.4 Dynamic Memory Allocation

The new Operator

Dynamically Allocated Arrays

The delete Operator

9.5 Problem Solving Applied: Seismic Event Detection

9.6 Common Errors Using new and delete

9.7 Linked Data Structures

Linked Lists

Stacks

Queue 518

9.8 The C++ Standard Template Library

The list class

The stack class

The queue class

9.9 Problem Solving Applied: Concordance of a Text File 525

Summary

10 Advanced Topics

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Artificial Intelligence

10.1 Data Abstraction

Overloading Operators

The Pixel class

\Arithmetic Operators

friend Functions

Validating Objects

Bitwise Operators

10.2 Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: Xcode Image Files

10.3 Binary File Input and Output

Opening Binary Files

Reading and Writing Binary Files

Contents

10.4 Problem Solving Applied: Color Image Processing

10.5 Recursion

Factorial Function

Fibonacci Sequence

The BinaryTree class

10.6 Generic Programming

Function Templates

Class Templates

10.7 Inheritance

The Rectangle class

The Square Class

The Cube class

10.8 virtual Methods

10.9 Problem Solving Applied: Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma

Summary

C++ Standard Library

B ASCII Character Codes

C Using MATLAB to Plot Data from ASCII Files

C++ Program to Generate a Data File

ASCII Data File Generated by the C++ Program 649

Generating a Plot with MATLAB

D References

E PRACTICE! Solutions

Index

Introduction

Object-based programming is used in many fields of engineering and science and is likely to be seen in the workplace. C++ is an object-based programming language derived from the C programming language, which makes it a good choice for an introduction to computing course for engineers and scientists. Using C++, object-based design and programming can be introduced early while focusing on the basic control structures, data structures, and functions necessary for scientific programming. The features of the C programming language that make it attractive for system-level operations are supported by C++, making the latter one of the most powerful and versatile programming languages available. This text was written to introduce engineering problem solving with an object-based programming approach. Our objectives are the following:

• to develop a consistent methodology for solving engineering problems,
• to present the object-based features of C++ while focusing on the fundamentals of programming,
• to illustrate the problem-solving process with C++ through a variety of engineering examples and applications,
• to provide an easy-to-understand, integrated introduction to function templates and classes defined in the Standard C++ Library.

To accomplish these objectives, Chapter 1 presents a five-step process that is used consistently in the rest of the text for solving engineering problems. Chapter 2 introduces the use of predefined objects and member functions in the discussion of data types and standard input and output. Chapters 3-5 present the fundamental capabilities of C++ forsolving engineering problems, including control structures, data files, and functions. Chapters 6 and 7 present arrays and introduce the reader to function templates and the vector class. Chapter 8 is an introduction to programmer-defined classes. Chapter 9 introduces the use of pointers, dynamic memory allocation, and classes defined in the Standard C++ library to implement dynamic data structures. Chapter 10 provides a more in-depth look at classes, including overloading operators, inheritance, and virtual functions. Throughout all these chapters, we present a large number of examples from many different engineering, science, and computer science disciplines. The solutions to these examples are developed using the five-step process and Standard C++.

Prerequisites

No prior experience with the computer is assumed. The mathematical prerequisites are college algebra and trigonometry. Of course, the initial material can be covered much faster if the student has used other computer languages or software tools.

Course Structure

The material in these chapters was selected to provide the basis for a one-term course in engineering and scientific computing. These chapters contain the essential topics of mathematical computations, character data, control structures, functions, arrays, classes, and pointers. Students with background in another computer language should be able to complete this material in one semester. A minimal course that provides only an introduction to C++ can be designed using the nonoptional sections of the text. (Optional sections are indicated in the Contents with an *.) Three ways to use the text, along with the recommended chapter sections, are

• Introduction to C++. Many freshman introductory courses introduce the student to several computer tools in addition to an introduction to a language. For these courses, we recommend covering the nonoptional sections of Chapters 1-7. This material introduces students to the fundamental capabilities of C++, and they will be able to write substantial programs using mathematical computations, character data, control structures, functions, and arrays.
• Problem Solving with C++. In a semester course devoted specifically to teaching students to master the C++ language, we recommend covering all nonoptional sections of Chapters 1-10. This material covers all the fundamental concepts of the C++ language, including mathematical computations, character data, control structures, functions, arrays, classes, and pointers.
• Problem Solving with C++ and Numerical Techniques. Upper-level students or students who are already familiar with other high-level languages will be able to cover the material in this text very quickly. In addition, they will be able to apply the numerical technique material to their other courses. Therefore, we recommend that these students cover all sections of Chapters 1-10, including the optional material.

The chapters in this text were designed to give the instructor flexibility in the ordering of topics, especially regarding the decision of when to cover classes: before or after arrays. The introductory chapter on classes does not depend on the chapters on arrays, and the chapters on arrays do not depend on the introductory chapter on classes. The dependency chart on the next page illustrates the dependency of chapters.

Problem-Solving Methodology

The emphasis on engineering and scientific problem solving is an integral part of the text. Chapter 1 introduces a five-step process for solving engineering problems using the computer:

1. State the problem clearly.
2. Describe the input and output information, and determine required data types.
3. Work a simple example by hand.
4. Develop an algorithm and convert it to a computer program.
5. Test the solution with a variety of data.

To reinforce the development of problem-solving skills, each of these five steps is clearly identified each time that a complete engineering problem is solved. In addition, top-down design and stepwise refinement are presented with the use of decomposition outlines, pseudocode, and flowcharts.

Engineering and Scientific Applications

Throughout the text, emphasis is placed on incorporating real-world engineering and scientific examples and problems. This emphasis is centered around a theme of grand challenges, which include

• prediction of weather, climate, and global change
• computerized speech understanding
• mapping of the human genome
• improvements in vehicle performance
• enhanced oil and gas recovery
• simulation

Each chapter begins with a photograph and a discussion of some aspect of one of these grand challenges that provides a glimpse of some of the exciting and interesting areas in which engineers might work. Later in the chapter, we solve a problem that not only relates to the introductory problem, but also has applications in other problem solutions. The grand challenges are also referenced in many of the other examples and problems.

Standard C++

The statements presented and all programs developed use C++ standards developed by the International Standards Organization and American National Standards Institute (ISO/ANSI) C++ Standards committee. ISO and ANSI together have published the first international standard for the C++ programming language. By using Standard C++, students learn to write portable code that can be transferred from one computer platform to another. Many of the standard capabilities of the C++ programming language are discussed in the text. Additional components of the C++ standard library are discussed in Appendix A.

Software Engineering Concepts

Engineers and scientists are expected to develop and implement user-friendly and reusable computer solutions. Learning software engineering techniques is therefore crucial to successfully developing these computer solutions. Readability and documentation are stressed in the development of programs. Additional topics that relate to software engineering issues are discussed throughout the text and include issues such as software life cycle, portability, maintenance, modularity, recursion, abstraction, reusability, structured programming, validation, and verification.

Four Types of Problems

Learning any new skill requires practice at a number of different levels of difficulty. We have developed four types of exercises that are used throughout the text to develop problem-solving skills. The first set of exercises is Practice! problems. These are short-answer questions that relate to the section of material just presented. Most sections are immediately followed by a set of Practice! problems so that students can determine if they are ready to continue to the next section. Complete solutions to all the Practice! problems are included at the end of the text.

The Modify! problems are designed to provide hands-on experiences with the programs developed in the Problem-Solving Applied sections. In these sections, we develop a complete C++ program using the five-step process. The Modify! problems ask students to run the program (which is available on our Instructor's Resource CD) with different sets of data to test their understanding of how the program works and of the relationships among the engineering variables. These exercises also ask the students to make simple modifications to the program and then run the program to test their changes.

Most chapters end with a set of Exam Practice! problems, and every chapter includes a set of Programming Problems. The Exam Practice! problems are short-answer questions that relate to the material covered in the chapter. These problems help students determine how well they understand the features of C++ presented in the chapter. The Programming Problems are new problems that relate to a variety of engineering applications, and the level of difficulty ranges from very straightforward to longer project assignments. Each programming problem requires that the student develop a complete C++ program or function. Engineering data sets for many of the problems are included on our Instructor's Resource CD to use in testing. Solutions to all of the Exam Practice! and some of the Programming Problems are included at the end of the text.

Study and Programming Aids

Margin notes are used to help the reader not only identify the important concepts, but also easily locate specific topics. In addition, margin notes are used to identify programming style guidelines and debugging information. Style guidelines show students how to write C++ programs that incorporate good software discipline; debugging sections help students recognize common errors so that they can avoid them. The programming style notes are indicated with the margin note Style, and the debugging notes are indicated with a bug icon. Object oriented features of C++ are indicated with an OOP icon to help student recognize these features early in the text. Each Chapter Summary contains a summary of the style notes and debugging notes, plus a list of the Key Terms from the chapter and a C++ Statement Reference of the new statements, to make the book easy to use as a reference.

Optional Numerical Techniques

Numerical techniques that are commonly used in solving engineering problems are also discussed in optional sections in the chapters, and include interpolation, linear modeling (regression), root finding, numerical integration, and the solution to simultaneous equations. The concept of a matrix is also introduced and then illustrated using a number of examples. All of these topics are presented assuming only a trigonometry and college algebra background.

Appendices

To further enhance reference use, the appendices include a number of important topics. Appendix A contains a discussion components in the C++ standard library. Appendix B presents the ASCII character codes. Appendix D contains a list of references used throughout the text. MATLAB Appendix also included as Appendix C.

Instructor's Resource CD

An Instructor's Resource CD is available for instructors who adopt this text. The CD contains all of the example programs used in the text, complete solutions to most of the Programming Problems found at the end of each chapter, as well as data files to use with application problems and a complete set of PowerPoint slides to assist the instructor in preparing lecture notes.