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Overview
Yet until now, there has been no trusted, practical guide to cordwood construction using the material in a wide variety of construction projects.
Distilling decades of experience and best practices, Essential Cordwood Building is the first fully illustrated, step-by-step guide to cordwood building. Ideal for the DIYer and professional designer and builder alike, it covers:
- Wood species selection, log-end length, and seasoning
- Cement, lime putty, and cob mortar options
- Wall cavity insulation options
- Budgeting and estimating
- Highly illustrated, step-by-step building techniques
- Window and door frame installation
- Pointing and chinking, finishing, and plastering
- Special designs and decorative features
- Code references, compliance, building science, and best practices
- Troubleshooting and maintenance
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780865718524 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | New Society Publishers |
| Publication date: | 12/05/2017 |
| Series: | Sustainable Building Essentials Series , #6 |
| Pages: | 144 |
| Product dimensions: | 8.50(w) x 11.00(h) x 0.29(d) |
| Age Range: | 16 - 18 Years |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Chapter 1 Introduction
What Is Cordwood Masonry? Cordwood masonry (sometimes called stackwall construction in Canada) is a term describing the construction of exterior or interior walls out of short logs - log-ends - laid transversely in the wall and supported by an insulated mortar matrix. The mortar portion of the wall can be made with cement- or lime-based mortars, cob (clay, straw, and sand), "papercrete," or - a new development - hempcrete. The walls can be load-bearing in non-seismic zones, but are more commonly used as infilling within a strong timber frame. A relatively small number of cordwood homes - probably less than five percent - use a double-wall technique: separate interior and exterior cordwood walls with the space between them completely filled with insulation, as described in Chapter 6.
Cordwood masonry has a long history, which I discussed in my book Cordwood Building: A Comprehensive Guide to the State of the Art (New Society Publishers, 2016). There are existing cordwood buildings in North America and Europe dating back to the 19th century, which are documented in that book. More recently, cordwood has spread to South and Central America, and has enjoyed a rebirth in Scandinavia as well as in Britain, where cob has become a popular alternative for mortar amongst the natural builders.
I have recently learned of an exciting new development in cordwood's history, a site called Slawenburg Raddush (Slavic Fort Raddush), near the town of Vetschau in the German federal state of Brandenburg. Raddush was originally built around the 9th or 10th century AD, employing log and cordwood techniques on the inner and outer surfaces of the massive walls. It was still clearly recognizable as a ring-shaped wooden structure in the early 20th century. The fort was reconstructed during the 1990s using the
original techniques. See Figures 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. The internal cavity between the wooden walls was filled with sand, earth, and clay, whereas today we use some form of insulation. Raddush can be visited today and houses a museum, a conference room, and a restaurant. The website is www.slawenburg-raddusch.de/english/.
Chapter 2 Rationale
Why Build with Cordwood Masonry?
Since the 1980s, I have been answering this fundamental question with my "5-E" list of cordwood masonry advantages. It still holds true:
- Economy. Cordwood masonry walls are low in cost, particularly when the owner-builder has a local source of appropriate wood. If clay is readily available on site, cobwood construction is an option, saving on Portland and lime. Sand and sawdust (used as insulation and/or as a cement retarder) can usually be bought quite inexpensively. Sand might even be indigenous to the building site.
- Energy Efficiency. Built properly, and with a wall thickness appropriate to the local climate and building size, cordwood homes are easy to heat in the winter and keep cool during the summer.
- Easy to Build. Children, grandmothers, and beavers can all build with cordwood masonry … and have done so time and again. Our oldest son, Rohan, built his first little cordwood playhouse at age seven and was teaching cordwood masonry to Chicago's inner city youth when he was nine. His brother Darin grew up with cordwood, has taught it with us at Earthwood, and built Driftwood, his own cordwood home.
- Esthetically Pleasing. "A cordwood wall combines the warmth of wood with the pleasing relief and visual interest of stone masonry." I wrote those words in 1992. It's still true, but build quality is getting better all the time. Many builders have taken cordwood to an art form in the past ten years or so.
- Environmentally Friendly. Cordwood makes use of wood which might otherwise go to waste - even tipped into landfills. I have used ends and pieces from sawmills, log cabin manufacturers, and furniture makers. A hollow log is not much use at the sawmill, but it can be an interesting feature in a cordwood wall.
Mortgage? Or Mortgage Freedom?
Cordwood buildings have been built for next to nothing (our Hermit's Hut guesthouse cost less than $1,000 in 2011) to many millions (the architect-designed and contractor-built 10,000-square foot Arcus Center at Kalamazoo College came in at around $5,000,000). Most cordwood homes have been built without a mortgage, including some big, beautiful energy- efficient ones like Bruce and Nancy's Ravenwood, Alan Stankevitz's two-story hexadecagon in Minnesota, as well as our own Earthwood home, and Mushwood, our lake cottage. In a recent phone conversation, Alan and I compared notes on what we knew of cordwood builders' home ownership situations. Offhand, we could not think of any with a mortgage. But why? Well, banks may be reluctant to loan money to owner-builders, especially for a building style out of the mainstream. Or, maybe cordwood builders don't need a mortgage. They own a piece of land and adopt a pay-as-they-go (or proceed-as-they-can-afford) strategy. Alan commented that cordwood makes "a superior house, costs less than most others, and is environmentally sound."
Common strategies that enable debtfree cordwood home ownership (and this is probably true with other natural building methodologies as well) are: (1) already owning the land, (2) building it yourself, (3) making use of indigenous and recycled materials, (4) paying for materials as you go, (5) keeping it small, and (6) keeping it simple. Watch out for 5 and 6, though: A small house can be hopelessly complicated - therefore expensive - whereas a large house could be of simple design, saving time and money. With regard to (3), Alan said "Once people found out I was doing cordwood, they really got into it. They wanted to help. And they'd tell me where I could get good materials for little money."
Widely Varying Costs
I hesitate to give actual cost estimates for a cordwood home. The one truth I have learned in 70 years is this: Everybody's different. Their abilities to save and budget are different. Their talent for "cultivating coincidences" (procuring materials) is different. Their design aspirations - for size and complexity - are different. Their access to indigenous materials is different.
The reality is that the cordwood masonry is not a very large part of the home's material cost. Foundation, roofing, stairs, heating, electric, and plumbing systems: these are all - or can be - big ticket items common to any style of home.
Two areas where a lot of money is spent, even on owner-built housing, are kitchens (cabinets, countertop, sinks, etc.) and doors and windows. But Jaki and I have always saved a tremendous amount by making our own doors, getting perfectly good thermal pane windows from the "back room" of local manufacturers, and watching for deals when people "upgrade" their kitchens - tearing out perfectly good cabinets, sinks, and countertops in the process.
Where you build makes a huge difference, too. I know of cordwood buildings in Central America - particularly Belize, Guatemala, and Nicaragua - that were built at incredibly low cost and others, in places like Massachusetts and northern California, that ran up a pretty high tab (but these people were not short of money). Owning the land makes a huge difference. You have to have the land before you can build the house. And it enables you to start with a small practice building, maybe a "temporary shelter" that you can live in while you build the main home, saving shelter costs immediately. You can employ an add-on strategy and pay for expansion as you go. (One caution here, though: Plan for any desired add-ons at the initial design stage. Some buildings are difficult to add on to - round ones, for example.)
I learned the best part of my economic strategies - which has kept us debt-free for 44 years - from two sources: my father and Henry David Thoreau. My father said, "If a man earns $100,000 a year, but spends $110,000, he's poor. If he earns $10,000 and spends $9,000, he's rich." I never forgot that. And from Henry I learned about real - empiric - economy. In the first chapter of Walden, "Economy," we learn that the "necessaries of life" are food, fuel, shelter, and clothing. These are the things that keep our body temperatures at 98.6 degrees F, and, therefore, healthy. Of these "necessaries," shelter is the single biggest cost - up to 50 percent of expenditure in places like California. Cordwood is cheap. Like me. I wrote a book called Mortgage Free!, which is full of strategies for avoiding mortgage - a word, incidentally, that derives from the Old French meaning, literally, death pledge. The book is out of print, but you can find used copies through Amazon, or get an ebook from Chelsea Green Publishing. I will not attempt to rehash its 300 pages here, but will give you my First Law of Empiric Economics:
A dollar saved is worth a whole lot more than a dollar earned, because we have to earn so darned many of them to save so precious few.
Shockingly, a high percentage of Americans are net negative savers: they are going into debt. It is rare to find someone who saves (puts away) ten percent of their income. For these people, if they find a dollar on the sidewalk - or save a buck through thrift - what is that dollar actually worth to them? Well, even for the good savers it's worth $10 that they didn't have to earn in order to save it.
In short, cordwood masonry is labor intensive but materials cheap. When you build a cordwood wall, you are simultaneously attending to many things: structure, interior finish, exterior finish, insulation, and a thermal mass not commonly found in conventional walls. With insulated stick-frame, you've got to frame it, sheathe the outside, and apply some sort of siding. On the interior, you have insulation, vapor barrier, sheetrock, taping and spackling, painting three coats … you could easily have ten different operations to complete the wall. Lay a log-end and it's done.
Ballpark Cost Estimates
The cost of the cordwood itself varies tremendously around North America, and around the planet. It is a building technique that should be employed where wood is plentiful. But, even in those areas, wood procurement costs can vary from "next to nothing" to "quite a bit." Those who have appropriate wood on their own property are very well off in this regard, but there are often other sources of free or nearly free wood. I have gone to sawmills and found wood unsuitable for cutting into lumber - too short, too small in diameter, hollow core - and carried it away in my pickup truck for next to nothing. One cedar log home builder nearby lets me "clean up the yard" once a year; I carry away all the ends and pieces too small for his purposes. It is a great advantage that short pieces - 8 to 24 inches - can be used for cordwood masonry. I have also visited wooden furniture makers for the same reason. Another source is standing deadwood, trees which have died from fire, insects, or encroaching water. After checking that the wood is still sound (i.e. no bugs or rot), strike a deal with the owner.
If you have to purchase wood, you might get it from the same loggers who supply your local sawmills. Or firewood suppliers. In our area, people want hardwood for firewood, and the suppliers know this all too well. But let them know that you are in the market for pine, spruce, fir, or quaking aspen - frowned on in the Northeast as firewood - and they may be happy to supply you with a load.
You will work in face cords, which are described in Chapter 5. This is a unit well-known to loggers. The cost of a purchased face cord can vary greatly in different areas, with $60 to $100 dollars per face cord being the current parameters in northern New York.
Sawdust for insulation can also vary quite a bit in price from place to place. In some areas, it has a value as bedding at farms (as it does where I live), but my sawyer still lets me fill up my small pickup truck - I use a snow shovel - for $5 a load. At that rate, insulation costs for a cordwood wall are very low indeed.
The easiest cost estimate component for a cordwood wall is probably the mortar, but, even here, the masonry sand can vary from free - if it is on site, as is the case for quite a few towns near us - to quite a bit, if it has to be delivered some distance. The sand itself is not the big cost here (just $20 a cubic yard in New York); it is usually the transport. For both Portland cement and lime, $11 a bag is a fairly average cost for North America, although it might vary up to 20 percent on either side of that number.
So, with all these variables in mind, we can make a "ballpark" chart for the cost per square foot of completed wall (Table 2.1). Remember, this includes interior finish, exterior finish, structure, and insulation. To create this chart, I used $11 per bag as the cost for both Portland and lime, $40 per cubic yard for masonry sand (delivered), and varying costs for face cords depending on the length of the log-ends (width of the wall): $40 for 8″, $60 for 12″, $80 for 16″ and $120 for 24″. Sawdust is tough to figure because the cost range is so wide, but, for our purposes here, I have used a value of $10 per cubic yard. Mortar and sawdust insulation widths are as per Figure 12.7 in Chapter 12.
These are the approximate materials costs per square foot of cordwood masonry at various wall widths, based on the materials' prices mentioned above. To use the chart, tally the total square footage of all the cordwood masonry in your design, and multiply by the total cost per square foot (the last column). For example, if your little sauna with 8-inch walls has 280 square feet of cordwood, multiply 280 times $2.53 for a materials cost of $708. A small house with 16-inch walls and 800 square feet of cordwood will cost 800 times $4.46, for a total of $3,568. If you have your own wood, the cost of the cordwood masonry can be cut almost in half. You might have your own sand. If you are using cob instead of mortar, and the materials are indigenous to the site, the lime and Portland costs are eliminated. So, the chart reflects a kind of a worst-case scenario. Use your own local dollar figures for greater accuracy, adjusting proportionally.
Table of Contents
AcknowledgmentsChapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Rationale Chapter 3: Appropriate Use Chapter 4: Building Science Notes Chapter 5: Material Specifications Chapter 6: Design Options for Cordwood Chapter 7: Design Notes for Cordwood Chapter 8: Construction Procedure Chapter 9: Finishes and Special Features Chapter 10: Maintenance and Renovations Chapter 11: Building Codes and Permits Chapter 12: Tools Chapter 13: Conclusion
Glossary Resources Index About the Author A Note About the Publisher
What People are Saying About This
"Rob Roy is the world’s foremost expert on cordwood construction and his new book is the best and most comprehensive guide to the subject ever produced."
— Lloyd Kahn, author of Shelter, Tiny Homes, and Small Homes
"Rob Roy has influenced a whole regeneration with his cordwood building techniques, liberated countless people from the slavery of a large mortgage, and enabled ordinary people to build all kinds of structures from workshops to comfortable homes in low impact, ecological ways. Here he has gathered the latest methods with the essence of these cordwood techniques. Full of information and stories. A great read."
— Maddy Harland, Editor, Co-Founder of Permaculture Magazine and author of Fertile Edges: regenerating land, culture and hope
"Cordwood building has always been my favorite, and it is obviously Rob Roy’s too. Here is a mine of information, laid out well, covering all aspects of cordwood building. He looks at the overall considerations, then gets down in the detail, always practical, and writes simply, with lightness and humor, from his long experience. There is more than enough here to get you started down a long, creative, satisfying path as a self-builder."
— Tony Wrench lives with his partner Faith in a cobwood roundhouse he designed and they built together 20 years ago in West Wales, UK. He runs occasional natural building courses and is the author of Building a Low Impact Roundhouse
"Rob Roy’s Essential Cordwood Building certainly contains all of the information that a newcomer would need to delve confidently into a wide variety of cordwood projects. Rob has been the go-to expert on cordwood construction at www.greenhomebuilding.com for well over a decade and has always answered reader’s questions with authority, wit and patience. I could trust nobody more implicitly than Rob to teach the attributes of what has to be one of the most effective, economical, ecological, energy efficient and beautiful approaches to natural building. In one simple operation you can build walls that provide both insulation and thermal mass, requiring no further interior or exterior finish work; there is no other method where this is true."
— Kelly Hart, founder of www.greenhomebuilding.com
"In Essential Cordwood Building, Rob Roy has distilled the critical information required to think and plan your way through the design and construction of a cordwood structure, and presented it in a very accessible format. His tone is familiar and personal, and draws upon a deep wealth of experience in his craft — there may well be no better resource on cordwood construction than Rob Roy! The book is well-organized and thorough in its detail, proving to be a truly valuable resource to anyone considering working with cordwood."
— Jacob Deva Racusin, Co-Owner, New Frameworks Natural Design/Build
"With Essential Cordwood Building, Rob Roy has succeeded, as only he can, in combining an articulate step by step methodology with an enduring lesson in personal economics. If you want the single biggest investment of your life to be a get-it-done-with-and-move-on experience — free of those mortgage entanglements and full of log-and-mortar security — you’d do well to follow the path that Rob Roy’s has so clearly marked, and build your own cordwood home."
— Richard Freudenberger, Energy and Resource Manager at Living Web Farms and former publisher, BackHome Magazine