Ethernet in the First Mile: The IEEE 802.3ah EFM Standard / Edition 1

by Michael Beck

Overview

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IEEE standard 802.3, Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM), approved this July, standardizes broadband Ethernet, allowing service providers to focus on providing critical broadband services without worrying about interoperability conflicts. This book will annotate and explain the dense language of the standard document, taking particular care how to explain how the EFM dovetails with other standards. For engineers struggling with the standard, this book will show clearly how each piece is supposed to work in the real world.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780071455060
Publisher:	McGraw Hill LLC
Publication date:	05/24/2005
Series:	Communications Engineering S
Pages:	304
Product dimensions:	5.90(w) x 9.10(h) x 0.98(d)

About the Author

Michael Beck is a research engineer at Alcatel Research and Innovation. As Editor of the EFM Copper Sub Task Force, he had a major role in the creation of the Ethernet in the First Mile standard. Mr. Beck holds a Master’s Degree in Physical Engineering from Ghent University and has written numerous papers on EFM. He resides in Antwerp, Belgium

Table of Contents

	Preface	ix
	Acknowledgments	xi
	Acronyms	xiii
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
	Introduction to Standards Development	1
	The Purpose of Standardization	1
	The Lifecycle of an IEEE Standard	5
	Getting Your Copy of the EFM Standard	7
	Promoting Standards	8
	A Framework for the Definition of Data Networks	9
	OSI and IEEE 802	9
	The Three Faces of the Ethernet Frame	11
	The Ethernet in the First Mile Project	14
	A Call for Interest on "Ethernet in the Last Mile"	14
	Enter the Bell-Heads	15
	What's in a Name?	16
	The Need for Copper	17
	The Limits of EFM	20
	Project Scope	20
	New PHYs for the Old MAC	21
	Economics	24
	Connections	26
	Deployment Scenarios	27
Chapter 2	EFM's New, Old MAC	29
	Introduction to the Rate Matching Problem	30
	Operation of MAC and MII	31
	MAC-Centric Solution	33
	PHY-Centric Solution	34
	Sub-Frame Rate Matching versus Frame-Based Rate Matching	34
	The CRS Deference Method	35
	The Simplified Full-Duplex MAC	36
	Rate Matching with RMII and SMII	36
	A Note on Flow Control	38
Chapter 3	EFM over Copper General Architecture	39
	Point-to-Point Copper Objectives	40
	Short-Reach Objective	40
	Long-Reach Objective	41
	Port Type Names	43
	The First Mile of Copper	44
	Limitations of the Local Loop	44
	Spectrum Management	48
	The Ethernet-over-xDSL Model	51
	Transmission Convergence Sublayer	53
	Packet Transfer Mode	53
	From PTM-TC to EFM-TC	56
	A Note on Bit Ordering	67
	The EFM-TC in Other Standards	68
	Physical Coding Sublayer	70
	Aggregation Basics	70
	PME Aggregation for EFM Copper	71
	Other Functions of the PCS	74
	The EFM PCS in Other Standards	74
	Initialization	75
	Overview	75
	G.994.1 Frame Structure	78
	Identification Field	78
	Standard Information Field	79
	Non-Standard Information Field	79
	Remote Discovery of PME Aggregation	80
	Peer-to-Peer Handshaking with G.994.1	83
	Dual Latency and Pre-emption	84
	Latency Paths in xDSL Standards	84
	Queuing Issues and Pre-emption	85
	Dealing with Multiple Paths in Ethernet	86
	Management for EFM Copper	90
Chapter 4	The Short-Reach Solution: 10PASS-TS	93
	Introduction to VDSL	93
	General Characteristics	93
	Single-Carrier Modulation	94
	Discrete Multi-Tone	96
	VDSL Standards	100
	Frequency Plans	103
	Forward Error Correction	105
	Linecode Wars and Tone Spacing	108
	Performance	113
	10PASS-TS Specifics	113
	Reference Model	113
	10PASS-TS Initialization and Management	114
	Data-Link Specific Functions	118
	Optional Parameter Values	119
	Dual Latency and Framing	119
	Profiles and Internationalization	120
Chapter 5	The Long-Reach Solution: 2BASE-TL	123
	Introduction to SHDSL	123
	Synchronous Digital Hierarchy	123
	Pulse Amplitude Modulation	124
	2BASE-TL Specifics	126
	Reference Model	126
	Enhanced SHDSL	127
	2BASE-TL Initialization and Management	128
	Byte-Oriented Mode	131
	Four-Wire Mode	131
	Plesiochronous Mode	131
	Signal Regenerators	132
	Profiles and Internationalization	132
	The Defeated Alternative: 2PASS-TL	133
	Introduction to ADSL	134
	Frequency Plans	136
	2PASS-TL Specifics	137
	Frequency Plan	137
Chapter 6	Point-to-Point Fiber	139
	Introduction to Point-to-Point Fiber	139
	Optical Communication Basics	139
	Design Choices for Optical Communications Systems	145
	EFM Innovations	149
	100 Mb/s Family	150
	Introduction to 100BASE-X PCS and PMA	150
	100 Mbps Optics	152
	1000 Mb/s Family	154
	Introduction to 1000BASE-X PCS and PMA	154
	Transceiver Modules	155
	1000 Mbps Optics	157
Chapter 7	Point-to-Multipoint	159
	Introduction to Passive Optical Networks	159
	Data Transfer	162
	Optics	163
	Common Issues	163
	1000BASE-PX10-D/U Specifics	164
	1000BASE-PX20-D/U Specifics	164
	Forward Error Correction Sublayer	165
	System Considerations and Reconciliation Sublayer	166
	Multi-Point MAC Control	171
	Shared Networks versus Divided Networks	171
	Multi-Point Control Protocol	172
	Discovery Process	173
	Multiplexing	174
	Broadcast and LAN Emulation in PONs	174
	Ranging and Timing	176
	Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation	176
	EPON, GPON, or Switched Ethernet?	177
Chapter 8	Management and OAM	181
	Management Information Bases for EFM PHYs	181
	Overview	181
	Operations, Administration, and Maintenance	187
	Overview	187
	OAM Sublayer	187
	OAM Client	190
	Unidirectional Operation	190
	OAM Protocol	191
	End-to-End OAM	199
	Overview of Ongoing Activities	199
	Connectivity Discovery	199
	Connectivity Fault Management	203
	Network OAM	208
Chapter 9	Security in the First Mile	211
	Introduction	211
	Overview of Security Issues	211
	Encryption Basics	212
	Port Authentication	214
	Overview	214
	Extensible Authentication Protocol	215
	MAC Security	217
	Overview and Definitions	217
	MACsec Protocol	218
	Use of MAC Security in EPON	220
	Key Exchange	220
Chapter 10	Beyond the First Mile	223
	Aggregating Subscriber Traffic	223
	Bridged LANs	224
	Principles of Transparent Bridging	225
	Spanning Trees	226
	MAC Bridges	228
	VLAN Bridges	230
	Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks	230
	Using VLANs	232
	Provider Bridges	233
	Provider Bridged Networks	233
	Using S-VLANs	235
	Backbone Networks	237
	Multi-Protocol Label Switching	237
	Provider Backbone Bridging	238
	Ethernet Subscriber Access	240
	Residential Services	240
	Business Services	241
	Deployment Models	242
	VLAN Cross-Connect	243
	Intelligent Bridge	244
	Conclusions: The New Ethernet	246
Appendix A	EFM Objectives	249
Appendix B	The EFM Modemn	251
	References	261
	Index	267