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Ethics and Cyber Warfare: The Quest for Responsible Security in the Age of Digital Warfare
208
by George Lucas
George Lucas
Ethics and Cyber Warfare: The Quest for Responsible Security in the Age of Digital Warfare
208
by George Lucas
George Lucas
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Overview
From North Korea's recent attacks on Sony to perpetual news reports of successful hackings and criminal theft, cyber conflict has emerged as a major topic of public concern. Yet even as attacks on military, civilian, and commercial targets have escalated, there is not yet a clear set of ethical guidelines that apply to cyber warfare. Indeed, like terrorism, cyber warfare is commonly believed to be a war without rules. Given the prevalence cyber warfare, developing a practical moral code for this new form of conflict is more important than ever.
In Ethics and Cyber Warfare, internationally-respected ethicist George Lucas delves into the confounding realm of cyber conflict. Comparing "state-sponsored hacktivism" to the transformative impact of "irregular warfare" in conventional armed conflict, Lucas offers a critique of legal approaches to governance, and outlines a new approach to ethics and "just war" reasoning. Lucas draws upon the political philosophies of Alasdair MacIntyre, John Rawls, and Jürgen Habermas to provide a framework for understanding these newly-emerging standards for cyber conflict, and ultimately presents a professional code of ethics for a new generation of "cyber warriors."
Lucas concludes with a discussion of whether preemptive self-defense efforts - such as the massive government surveillance programs revealed by Edward Snowden - can ever be justified, addressing controversial topics such as privacy, anonymity, and public trust. Well-reasoned and timely, Ethics and Cyber Warfare is a must-read for anyone with an interest in philosophy, ethics, or cybercrime.
In Ethics and Cyber Warfare, internationally-respected ethicist George Lucas delves into the confounding realm of cyber conflict. Comparing "state-sponsored hacktivism" to the transformative impact of "irregular warfare" in conventional armed conflict, Lucas offers a critique of legal approaches to governance, and outlines a new approach to ethics and "just war" reasoning. Lucas draws upon the political philosophies of Alasdair MacIntyre, John Rawls, and Jürgen Habermas to provide a framework for understanding these newly-emerging standards for cyber conflict, and ultimately presents a professional code of ethics for a new generation of "cyber warriors."
Lucas concludes with a discussion of whether preemptive self-defense efforts - such as the massive government surveillance programs revealed by Edward Snowden - can ever be justified, addressing controversial topics such as privacy, anonymity, and public trust. Well-reasoned and timely, Ethics and Cyber Warfare is a must-read for anyone with an interest in philosophy, ethics, or cybercrime.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780190276522 |
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Publisher: | Oxford University Press |
Publication date: | 12/13/2016 |
Pages: | 208 |
Product dimensions: | 6.30(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.00(d) |
About the Author
Recently retired as the Distinguished Chair in Ethics in the Vice Admiral James B. Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership at the United States Naval Academy, and as Professor of Ethics and Public Policy at the Graduate School of Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School, George Lucas is currently a Visiting Distinguished Research Professor at the John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology & Values at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of Anthropologists in Arms (Alta Mira, 2009) and Military Ethics: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press, 2015).
Table of Contents
CONTENTSPreface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction: Crime or Warfare?1
1. Cyber (In)security: Threat Assessment in the Cyber Domain16
What, When, and Where?16
How?18
Why?19
Three Ways of Being a Hacktivist21
Conventional Warfare22
Unrestricted Warfare24
State- Sponsored Hacktivism as a New Form of Warfare27
2. Is There a Role for Ethics or Law in Cyber Conflict?33
Irregular War and Cyberwar33
Ethics and "Folk Morality"35
Ethics and the Law40
Ethics and Just War Theory42
Strategic Plan of the Book45
Applying Moral Theories in the Cyber Domain48
3. The Tallinn Manual: International Law in the Aftermath of Estonia57
International Law Applicable to Stuxnet58
International Law and State- Sponsored Hacktivism61
The Tallinn Manual64
International Law and the Estonian Cyber attacks68
"There Oughta' Be a Law!"73
Why the Tallinn Manual Failed76
4. Genuine Ethics versus "Folk Morality" in Cyberspace85
The Advantages of Taking "the Moral Point of View"86
The Challenge of Folk Morality for Authentic Ethics88
The Origins of Universal Moral Norms91
Thinking Ethically about Conflict in the Cyber Domain96
Just War Theory and the Morality of Exceptions98
Jus in Bello and Professional Military Ethics101
Jus in Silico: Ethics and Just War Theory in the Cyber Domain102
5. If Aristotle Waged Cyberwar: How Norms Emerge from Practice109
Distinguishing between Laws and Norms112
The Methodology of Uncertainty: How Do Norms "Emerge?"113
Do Emergent Moral Norms Provide Effective Governance?119
6. Privacy, Anonymity, and the Rise of State- Sponsored Hacktivism125
Emergent Norms and the Rise of State- Sponsored Hacktivism126
The Cunning of History128
Permissible Preemptive Cyber Self- Defense129
Privacy, Anonymity, and the Sectors of Vulnerability130
Cyber security Measures for Individuals131
Privacy versus Anonymity133
A Limited Justification for Anonymity135
Restricting Anonymity while Preserving Privacy137
New "Rules of the Road" for Cyber Navigation138
7. NSA Management Directive #424: Anticipatory National Self- Defense142
Preventive War143
Initial Public Response147
The Dilemma of Edward Snowden148
Government Deception and Public Trust150
Defending National Boundaries And Personal Liberties151
State Norms for Respecting Sovereignty and Attaining Security153
Conclusion: Toward a Code of Ethics for Cyber Warriors157
References167
Index175
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