Every Life Is on Fire: How Thermodynamics Explains the Origins of Living Things

by Jeremy England

Overview

A preeminent physicist unveils a field-defining theory of the origins and purpose of life.
Why are we alive? Most things in the universe aren't. And everything that is alive traces back to things that, puzzlingly, weren't.
For centuries, the scientific question of life's origins has confounded us. But in Every Life Is on Fire, physicist Jeremy England argues that the answer has been under our noses the whole time, deep within the laws of thermodynamics. England explains how, counterintuitively, the very same forces that tend to tear things apart assembled the first living systems.
But how life began isn't just a scientific question. We ask it because we want to know what it really means to be alive. So England, an ordained rabbi, uses his theory to examine how, if at all, science helps us find purpose in a vast and mysterious universe.
In the tradition of Viktor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning, Every Life Is on Fire is a profound testament to how something can come from nothing.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781541699007
Publisher:	Basic Books
Publication date:	09/15/2020
Sold by:	Hachette Digital, Inc.
Format:	eBook
Sales rank:	915,634
File size:	4 MB

About the Author

Jeremy England is senior director in artificial intelligence at GlaxoSmithKline, principal research scientist at Georgia Tech, and the former Thomas D. and Virginia W. Cabot career development associate professor of physics at MIT. He was a Rhodes scholar, a Hertz fellow, and named one of Forbes "30 Under 30 Rising Stars of Science." He lives in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Editorial Reviews

07/13/2020

England, a physicist and rabbi, debuts with an ambitious but disappointing multidisciplinary inquiry into the origin and meaning of life. Interested in the question of how life is differentiated from nonlife, he asks what physics can reveal about “when and how things that are not alive start to become more lifelike.” England also moves into the philosophical and theological realms, addressing such questions as “Are humans simply animals, or something more?” with guidance from the Hebrew Bible. However, the bulk of the book deals with physics, including entropy, the nature of time, and energy flow, as well as his own hypothesis “that building blocks with diverse possible response properties to a given drive should spontaneously organize themselves to either reduce their energy absorption or else direct it into powering orderly, regular motion.” Amid all this, biology is often lost. Similarly, though each chapter begins with a quotation from Exodus or Genesis, these are only fleetingly integrated into the text. Those attracted by England’s lofty premise are unlikely to be satisfied by the diffuse execution. (Sept.)

Publishers Weekly

"A unique project that proposes to build a metaphorical bridge between the richness of mythic language and the precision of physical theory. Somewhere below this bridge flow the waters in which biological life first evolved and upon which England is an ecumenical-physicist river guide."—David Krakauer, President and William H. Miller Professor of Complex Systems, Santa Fe Institute

"In this sparklingly original book, Jeremy England tackles perhaps the biggest scientific question of all — what is life, and how did it emerge from inanimate matter? With crystal clear explanations of deep concepts such as reductionism and emergence, or the fluctuation theorem from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics (who knew that could be done?), the book offers a heady intellectual smorgasbord. It's a delight to read, not only for its charming content, but, because, much like the Hebrew scriptures interwoven throughout the text, the prose flows with a poetic rhythm. I couldn't put it down."—Ard Louis, University of Oxford

From the Publisher

2020-06-17
A largely successful effort to explain biology through the principles of physics.

Physics depends heavily on reductionism: breaking complex actions down to the simplest mechanism. This holds little appeal to biologists who deal with the messy phenomenon of life. England, a former associate professor of physics at MIT who is now senior director in artificial intelligence at GlaxoSmithKline, begins with a problem: Every living thing has sprung from another living thing, but that “implies that the first life that ever was grew from stuff that was not alive,” so the laws of chemistry and physics had to be involved. Life is clearly an emergent property, which England illustrates by the example of a frog put through a blender. Every atom remains, but it is no longer a frog. The author introduces two physical concepts that explain how a complex frog emerges from a few trillion elemental atoms. The first is “macroscopic coarse-graining,” which maintains that any system can be described by numbers specifying what every individual particle is doing. This works for simple systems such as crystals; while impossible for even the most primitive organism, it enables scientists to create useful models. The second concept, entropy, measures the probability that a collection of atoms will assemble into something interesting such as a frog. Overwhelmingly, it won’t, but the odds are not zero, and they can be calculated. Seen as a measure of disorder, entropy is extremely low in a living organism. Living things keep their entropy low by extracting energy from the environment through eating and respiration. Since total energy in the universe remains constant, this is a complex process that England explains using many simple drawings of curves that go up and down because that’s how energy flows. The process is simple, but the details are not.

Those who put in the effort to read closely will discover illuminating insights into the physics of life.

Kirkus Reviews