Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science

by John Alexander Pinkston

Overview

In this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the “hierarchical pyramid” of evidence–based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom.

The author illustrates the development of various “levels” of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials.

The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9783030442699
Publisher:	Springer International Publishing
Publication date:	05/09/2020
Series:	Synthese Library , #426
Edition description:	1st ed. 2020
Pages:	152
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.25(h) x (d)

About the Author

John A. Pinkston, MD is a practicing Radiation Oncologist in Birmingham, AL. Dr. Pinkston graduated from University of Miami Leonard M Miller School of Medicine in 1968 and has been in practice for 49 years. He received his M.D. and Ph.D. (in philosophy) from the University of Miami. Dr. Pinkston completed residencies at the United States Naval Medical Center and at the Stanford University Medical Center. He received a Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.) from the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Dr. Pinkston served as a Research Associate in the Department of Medicine, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan and as a Clinical Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction.- 2. Theories of Confirmation in which Hypotheses do not have Probabilities.- 3. Theories of Confirmation in which Hypotheses have Probabilities, and Inference to the Best Explanation.- 4. Confirmation of Hypotheses in Clinical Medical Science.- 5. A Weight of Evidence Account.- 6. The Weight of Evidence Account Defended.- 7. Justification for the Hierarchical Pyramid of Evidence-Based Medicine and a Defense of Randomization.- 8. Ethics and Evidence: Is Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials Necessary to Firmly Establish a New Therapy?.- Index.