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Overview
Home to the UK's largest refinery, Fawley is among the most at-risk parts of the country for petrochemical fires. Its fire service is vital to the area's infrastructure and its firefighters must always be prepared. For the first time, the story of this fire station and of the Waterside's private and military fire brigades is told. From establishment in the early twentieth century, through the development of the fire engine and firefighting techniques, to combating modern-day terrorist threats, Fawley's firefighters have witnessed it all. This book looks at how the station and its crew, now reduced from full- to part-time staffing, have evolved in the face of new dangers and challenges.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780750957373 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | The History Press |
| Publication date: | 07/01/2014 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 128 |
| File size: | 5 MB |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Fawley's Front Line
A Century of Firefighting and Rescue
By Roger Hansford
The History Press
Copyright © 2014 Roger HansfordAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-7509-5737-3
CHAPTER 1
CADLAND ESTATE AND THE EARLY FIRE BRIGADES
At the start of the twentieth century, much of the parish of Fawley was rural in character, and the area consisted of villages, farms, lanes, farmland and woodlands. Significant buildings were the Norman church at Fawley and the Tudor stone castle on Calshot Spit. By this time the Drummond family was well established at the Manor of Cadland, having extended the house originally designed by Henry Holland and set in 'Capability' Brown parkland. The records of a fire at the estate farm in the late nineteenth century give a glimpse of the practice of firefighting in the parish at this time. My research on the fire is sourced from two accounts of the event, which I refer to as 'Report 1' and 'Report 2', both included as cuttings in the Drummond family's scrapbook dated 1894. It has been difficult to date the incident precisely, but it could have been the fire at 'Cadlands Farm, Cadlands' attended by Southampton Fire Brigade on Sunday 1 March 1885, as documented in their records (SC/F 1/1).
Report 1 describes a 'destructive fire at Cadlands Home Farm'. This was 'of a very extensive character' and destroyed five ricks of hay, six of barley, four of wheat, one of barley straw and one of ferns, later spreading to the granary and cart house, which almost completely burnt down. The initial alarm was raised at 8 p.m. on the Saturday by a Mrs Sarah Fry, steward to Edgar Atheling Drummond and servant to the farmer, Mr Hogg. At this, 'the farm servants and others quickly mustered, and there being a plentiful water supply, the fire was soon extinguished'. Although a watch was kept on the yard, fire broke out again at 1.30 p.m. on the Sunday. This was attributed to brisk winds fanning embers from the previous day's fire, which had been spread out in the open close to other ricks. Report 2 stated that in total some eighteen ricks were on fire within ten minutes of the alarm being raised in the village by one of the farm boys.
Report 1 details which fire brigades responded, and how they were called. Two engines were sent from nearby estates, one by Count Batthyhany of Eaglehurst Castle and another by Lord Henry Scott of Beaulieu. The naval vessel HMS Zealous was anchored off Netley, and dispatched two engines 'manned by marines and sailors, and taken in boats up Cadlands Creek, to the scene of the fire'. These engines, when on land, were probably drawn by horses, with pumps operated manually or using steam. Report 1 suggests the engines were mobilised when the fire was sighted: 'The conflagration was of course very great, lighting up the whole country round.' More sophisticated methods of despatch were also in use, however, as this report informs us that a telegram was sent to Superintendent Gardner of Southampton Fire Brigade (SFB). Despite a slight difference in spelling, there was a Mr W.H. Gardiner in charge of SFB from 1876 until the mid-1880s, the term 'Superintendent' being used instead of Chief Fire Officer at that time. The officer and his personnel took the shortest route to the fire by catching the Hythe Ferry across Southampton Water. Meanwhile, their engine was sent around by road through Redbridge and Totton, but returned to base after meeting Mr Hogg's messenger in Totton, who stated the fire was too seriously advanced for the engine to be of use. This left the Southampton firemen to assist the crew from Beaulieu, whose engine was the first to arrive. Report 2 said it was 'thought necessary to telegraph for the Sappers and Miners', and that the Sappers had arrived at Hythe before receipt of a second telegraph saying they were no longer needed. This may refer to the Southampton engine described in Report 1.
Report 1 gives an idea of the firefighting methods employed at the scene. The fire had spread too rapidly for those present to remove the carts from the cart house before it was engulfed. However, they did remove cattle from the cattle house and sprayed water on the farmhouse and other buildings to prevent them from igniting. Several water sources were available, all of which were utilised. There was a large tank of water 300–400m from the rick yard, and Report 1 states: 'Two lines [of people] were formed from the yard to the tank, the one side passing empty buckets down from hand to hand, and returning full buckets of water in the same way on the other sides, and thus some of the engines were kept supplied with water.'
In this task, the Southampton and Beaulieu teams 'did exceedingly good work, the men behaving themselves admirably', and they were supported by many volunteers. Among the volunteers were important local figures including Mr Hogg, Mr Drummond, Mr Jenkinson, Revd Unwin, Dr Stephenson and Mr Perkins, and the same report states, 'other gentlemen came, each lending a hand at the pumps or hose'. Meanwhile, Count Batthyhany directed the sailors and others in showering water onto the burning ricks from the farm pond, where one of the Zealous engines was working. Twenty men from HMS Zealous worked through the night with water from a tank in the roof of the corn mill, managing to save the corn and a threshing machine. The first team worked until midnight, when they were relieved by several other detachments from the ship, each led by an officer. This coheres with the Southampton Fire Brigade record, which mentions the attendance of private and manual engines not of SFB, and says the Cadland blaze was extinguished by 'Firemen and Strangers'.
Despite the efforts of all involved, the impact of the fire was huge, doing damage estimated to cost £15,000, and ruining a good harvest along with the farm buildings. Smoke continued to issue from a hayrick at the scene on Monday, leading local people to believe the fire was still burning then, and there were unfounded rumours in Southampton and Beaulieu that Cadland House itself had been on fire, and even that fires had occurred simultaneously at Broadlands and Netley.
Enquiries were made into the origin of the blaze, and the police officers Superintendent Troke and Sergeant Fox concluded that the cause of the initial fire on the Saturday was accidental. Report 2 suggested spontaneous combustion as a possible cause of the fire on Saturday, and questioned whether 'the crime of incendiarism' had played a part in the fire's rapid spread on Sunday. This was thought unlikely given that watchmen had been on guard all morning, and also that Mr Drummond was well-respected in the area. He was not a 'hard landlord' but 'a most affable and kind gentleman, taking delight in and doing his utmost to promote everything that is for the improvement of the estate'. The author was 'not afraid to assert' that he was 'more regarded and respected by all classes' than any other landlord in the country, and could therefore 'scout the idea with scorn that anyone of the parish of Fawley could have been guilty of such a dastardly outrage'. A final suggestion was that a 'fanatic' of the 'destestable Trades' Unions' may have started the fire, but no such guilty party could be found. Put in context of the scientific approaches to fire investigation used in modern times, it is amusing that the accidental verdict was based largely on the character of the property owner. I suggest the failure to keep burnt embers away from fresh crops on the Saturday, and the rejection of the Southampton engine on the Sunday, leaving its crew unequipped and depriving the incident of an extra pump, were significant errors. Interestingly, the nineteenth-century reports do not question the allegiances or competence of those left to watch the yard before the main outbreak on Sunday morning!
The accounts of the Cadland Farm fire in Reports 1 and 2 are significant because they raise issues that have been important for firefighting in the parish – and in this location – over the last century. The reports evoke pictures of a rural landscape where farming was paramount, and rural firefighting has been commonplace in the surrounding area ever since. After development as an industrial site, the land at Cadland often saw fires and incidents where different fire brigades would respond and work together. The military are mentioned in the Drummond reports and they were involved with firefighting and rescue in the wider vicinity at different times; for example Southampton Fire Brigade recorded assistance from soldiers and sailors at a fire in Bourne Hill Cottage, Fawley, on 10 September 1916. In the 1880s many people from the community were prepared to help at Cadland on a voluntary basis, showing a willingness to serve in the face of danger which has not disappeared in the present day. Some of the firefighting techniques used in the farmyard, such as passing buckets down a line of people, differed little from those used since ancient times and employed, for example, at the Great Fire of London in 1666. Such techniques continued to be used into the early 1900s. The methods used to prevent fire spreading anticipated modern techniques, but the inefficiency of communication between fire teams contrasts strongly with the present. Finally, although four engines were called to a fire within the parish, all of them came from stations outside the boundary and none of them were from Fawley.
CHAPTER 2MODERNISATION AND WAR: THE BEGINNINGS OF ORGANISED FIREFIGHTING IN FAWLEY
The first significant signs of change in Fawley occurred in 1920 when the Atlantic, Gulf and West Indies Oil Company (AGWI) started building a small refinery for bitumen and bunker fuels on land from the Cadland Estate. On 19 July 1921, SFB recorded attending a fire, with Engine No. 3, which had broken out in 500 out of the 1,200 sleepers piled beside the Totton railway line that were 'to be used for the new Fawley line' (SC/F1/1). This call-out heralded the arrival of the railway on the Waterside, meaning the area would no longer be isolated from development.
A fire brigade began in Fawley's neighbouring parish of Hythe in 1919, moving to a purpose-built fire station in New Road in 1927. Pam Whittington's HytheFire Brigade: A Local History (1998) tells the story of this brigade, including incidents they responded to within the Fawley area. In contrast, it would be another half-century before the parish of Fawley had its own purpose-built and permanent local authority fire station. Yet the area had a successful volunteer fire brigade before the legal requirement to provide a Fire Service came in the late 1930s. This chapter covers developments underlining Fawley's need for a local authority fire station and describes the measures taken in the meantime to save life and property from fire. From the 1920s to the 1960s the degree of petrochemical risk was to increase unrecognisably and special arrangements were needed for the threat of armed assault and invasion by Nazi Germany. However, it was not until the 1970s that the new fire station was built.
The Fawley Volunteer Fire Brigade in the 1930s
During the first decades of the twentieth century there was no fire brigade in the area. No legislation required such provision and no piped water supply was available. The population relied on pumps and wells for domestic purposes and the authorities jostled to avoid responsibility. The minutes of the Fawley Parish Council, held at the Hampshire Record Office in Winchester (Shelfmark 25M60/PX1), show how the need to improve firefighting capacity was recognised in the parish as early as 1927, but it was initially difficult to obtain necessary backing from the New Forest Rural District Council (RDC). The entry for a meeting held on 21 March 1927, at 7 p.m. in the Public Hall, reads:
Fire Hydrants
Mr. G. Musselwhite brought forward the question of Fire Hydrants, stating that in view of the recent disastrous fire at Copthorne, and difficulty of obtaining supplies of water in case of fire, he considered that it was advisable that Fire Hydrants should be fixed in the village. Mr. Maclean explained what had been done by the Agwi Co. regarding Hydrants for their works and a letter was read from the clerk to R. D. C. explaining necessary steps to be taken to obtain Hydrants, this matter was left to the Parish Council.
It is interesting that firefighting practice in AGWI was seen as a benchmark for local improvements. In 1931, SFB attended fires at Ashlett Cottage, Fawley, and at Hubert Scott-Paine's British Powerboat Company in Hythe, involving twelve powerboats. The Fawley minutes for 1931–32 recorded the Parish Council 'pressing' the RDC to 'act' and to help fund a water supply to Blackfield, Langley and Spratts Down. Clearly firefighting would have been just one of many uses for piped water!
By 27 March 1933 the situation had improved and Fawley Parish Council was 'pleased to report the following progress on parish affairs during the past year'. Regarding the water supply to Rollestone, Blackfield, Langley and West Common, arrangements were 'well under way', and with help from the RDC and Southampton Borough Corporation this had involved minimal expense for the parish. However, later entries show that local people were sometimes reluctant to take advantage of the water supply, particularly at Langley, West Common and Ashlett Creek. The 1933 report stated, 'application will also be made to include hydrants'. The second point of the report merits full quotation as, with acknowledgement of financial constraints, it shows how seeds were sown for the first organised fire team in Fawley:
Fire Protection
The rapid development of building in the parish makes the provision of adequate fire protection facilities necessary.
Within its limited means and with a desire to restrict expenditure the Council cannot do much towards providing all the appliances desirable but the formation of a volunteer fire brigade has been under consideration and members of the public who are interested in this matter should give their names to Mr. Dobson the chairman of the Fire Appliances Sub Committee.
The Parish Council's concern for firefighting provision was prescient given the major incident at the AGWI Refinery on 12 March 1935. Headlines from the Southern Daily Echo's report of the next day called the fire 'alarming', with homes 'rocked' by a violent explosion, a petrol tank 'turned into a roaring, fiery cauldron', one man making a 'miraculous escape', and the firemen engaged in 'twelve hours' battle'. The tone of the article is amusing to modern eyes:
Fawley's night of fear and tension is over, but the memory of those anxious hours is one that will ever remain with those who went through agonies of suspense. Through long, sleepless hours women watched and waited while their menfolk fought a terrifying fire ... From the windows and doors of their homes clustered about the vast plant they were silent witnesses of the most alarming waterside fire in the history of the port ... the womenfolk shuddered when the alarm sirens screeched at 5.35 last evening, just when they were expecting their bread-winners home for their evening meal.
Aside from gender inequalities, the reporters were right to be concerned; this type of incident was a first for the area. Sixty firemen were involved, including AGWI teams, with seven of them wearing asbestos suits and gas masks. Twenty-two water jets were used, two on the burning tank and the rest on nearby tanks put in danger by changes in wind direction. Some 20 tons of foam powder and 8,000ft of hose were used. Southampton Fire Brigade, led by Chief Officer Hayward, took twenty-five minutes to get there to support crews from Hythe and Brockenhurst, and airmen from the RAF base at Calshot were put on stand-by to attend. The workers Albert Andrews and John Wheeler were injured in the initial explosion, but Alan Read escaped unharmed. The Echo described the AGWI petrochemical installation as the largest in England, worth £2 million, with 112 tanks holding 227 million litres of petroleum products. Pleasingly, the fire did not spread further, and no lives were lost.
A year later, the Parish Council minutes again raised the question of fire protection, this time suggesting a Fawley Fire Brigade be formed. Quotations testify to the success of this volunteer organisation, which operated 1936–39:
30th March 1936 Formation of Local Fire Brigade
Mr H. H. Edwards spoke of the suggested formation of a Fawley Fire Brigade for which volunteers were required.
He states that the Agwi Petroleum Corporation Ltd. has put their Leyland Fire Engine at the disposal of the Council for fighting local fires and that it was desired to have trained men in different parts of the parish to meet any future contingencies.
Water to Spratts Down
Mr G.R. Allan dealt with the necessity of water at Spratts Down both for domestic purposes and in case of emergency for firefighting.
At the Parish Council meeting on 21 March 1938, at 7 p.m., it was reported that the water supply to Spratts Down had reached a 'satisfactory conclusion', with two extensions being recommended for Langley. The following statement pertained to the Fire Brigade:
With the continued growth of the Parish, the subject of maintaining a satisfactory Fire Brigade becomes more important. Now that we have been successful in obtaining volunteers who have undergone training and qualified to take an engine to any fire, it has become necessary to provide suitable uniforms and equipment, which, has accordingly been done.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Fawley's Front Line by Roger Hansford. Copyright © 2014 Roger Hansford. Excerpted by permission of The History Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Table of Contents
Contents
Title,Dedication,
List of Abbreviations,
Acknowledgements,
Introduction,
1 Cadland Estate and the Early Fire Brigades,
2 Modernisation and War: The Beginnings of Organised Firefighting in Fawley,
3 A New Fire Station at Fawley: The Hampshire Fire Brigade Years, 1977–92,
4 New Names, New Challenges: Developing a Modern Fire & Rescue Service at Hardley, 1992–2014,
5 Petrochemicals and Ammunition: Fawley's Industrial Fire Brigades and Marchwood Defence Fire Station,
Bibliography,
Appendices,
Plates,
Copyright,