First Steps toward Détente: American Diplomacy in the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1963

by Richard D. Williamson

Overview

Richard Williamson’s First Steps toward Détente provides a history of negotiations conducted from 1958-1963 between the United States, its Western allies in Europe, and the Soviet Union, in order to resolve the Berlin crisis. These negotiations established ongoing patterns of backchannel, ambassadorial, foreign minister and heads of state discussions. From Khrushchev's visit to the United States in 1959 and the difficult Paris 1960 and Vienna 1961 summits to the construction of the Berlin Wall, disarmament remained a parallel concern dependent on Berlin’s resolution. Throughout most of 1962, the United States and Soviets made rigorous attempts to break a stalemate at Checkpoint Charlie, though neither side was truly ready to forfeit. Ultimately, the renewal of Berlin harassments and the Cuban missile crisis put an end to these efforts, but the closer relations that had developed through Berlin talks helped to enable the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963.
The Berlin Crisis signaled a transition away from multilateral East-West relations to a bilateral U.S.-Soviet relationship, remaining oriented to military positions in Germany. In this book, Williamson explores the significance of these events and shows how the negotiations held between 1958 and 1963 provided the templates for détente.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780739168806
Publisher:	Lexington Books
Publication date:	04/19/2012
Pages:	268
Product dimensions:	6.27(w) x 9.31(h) x 0.91(d)

About the Author

Richard D. Williamson is an independent scholar with a PhD in history from Louisiana State University.

Table of Contents

Sector and Crossing Point Map of Berlin ix

Preface: First Steps to Détente xi

Acknowledgments xxvii

Introduction: The United States, USSR, and Berlin, 1953-1958 1

1 A Free City: Khrushchev's November Proposals, Allied Response, and a Foreign Ministers Conference, November 1958-May 1959 15

2 Seeking a Summit: Khrushchev's U.S. Visit, Western Heads of State Meeting, the U-2 incident, and the Paris Summit, June 1959-December 1960 39

3 Vienna and the Wall: Kennedy's First Months, Vienna Summit, the Acheson Plan, and the Berlin Wall, January-August 1961 73

4 Salami Tactics: Allied Collapse, Kennedy's Private Approach, and Showdown at Checkpoint Charlie, September-December 1961 109

5 Vital Interests: Thompson-Gromyko in Moscow, Rusk-Gromyko in Geneva, and Rusk-Dobrynin in Washington, Geneva ENDC Sessions, and Soviet Missiles in Cuba, January-August 1962 147

6 A Slippery Slope: New Harassment in Berlin, the Cuban Missile Crisis, Allied Estrangement, and the Limited Test-Ban Treaty, September 1962-November 1963 183

Summary: American Diplomacy in the Berlin Crisis 211

Bibliography 223

Index 227

About the Author 237

Editorial Reviews

The 'second Berlin crisis' (1958-1963) aggravated East-West relations during a time of great superpower tensions in the Third World. Richard Williamson documents in excruciating detail how the doves in Washington prevailed over the hawks. The late Eisenhower and the Kennedy administrations engaged the Soviets and their principal European allies with protracted and skillful diplomacy instead of giving the nod to the hardliners who were ready to unleash a military crisis over Berlin that could have easily escalated into nuclear war. Similar to the Cuban missile crisis, American diplomacy maintained the peace and prepared the path for détente. No scholarly work has retraced American diplomatic moves during the Berlin crisis as patiently as First Steps toward Détente. This is diplomatic history at its best.

Günter Bischof

As the Cold War recedes from memory, Americans have lost sight of how important the fate of the divided city of Berlin and the future of Germany were to that conflict. Richard Williamson’s First Steps Toward Détente reminds us, focusing on Berlin as the key issue for American diplomacy during the crisis years of 1958–1963. In his fast-paced and well-written account, Williamson makes clear the critical contribution of American leaders toward resolving the Berlin crisis and taking the first steps with the Soviet Union away from the nuclear precipice. This book is both a very important contribution to our understanding of the history of the Cold War, as well as a case example of the value of diplomacy in avoiding international conflict.

Thomas A. Schwartz

Williamson provides a detailed rendering of the tortuous path of American diplomacy throughout the entirety of Nikita Khrushchev's Berlin crisis. He locates the roots of détente and later superpower summitry in American leaders' concerns about chronic allied disunity over the status of Berlin under the shadow of global war.

Richard V. Damms

The 'second Berlin crisis' (1958-1963) aggravated East-West relations during a time of great superpower tensions in the Third World. Richard Williamson documents in excruciating detail how the doves in Washington prevailed over the hawks. The late Eisenhower and the Kennedy administrations engaged the Soviets and their principal European allies with protracted and skillful diplomacy instead of giving the nod to the hardliners who were ready to unleash a military crisis over Berlin that could have easily escalated into nuclear war. Similar to the Cuban missile crisis, American diplomacy maintained the peace and prepared the path for détente. No scholarly work has retraced American diplomatic moves during the Berlin crisis as patiently as First Steps toward Détente. This is diplomatic history at its best.

Günter Bischof