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Gabriel's Extinguishing the Atomic Hell Series
The Miracle of the Holy Quran: The Quran Predicts, Phenomenally Characterizes, and Averts the Atomic Hell (Book 1)
By Yousuf Gabriel, Khalid Malik Balboa Press
Copyright © 2015 Khalid Malik
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4525-9700-3
CHAPTER 1
NUCLEAR (ATOMIC) THEORY
Humankind has for long made use of the energy of flowing water and the energy given out in the burning of wood and charcoal. The first is an instance of gravitational energy and the second that of chemical energy (which is essentially electrical in origin). In recent years an entirely new energy process, roughly a million times more powerful than any chemical process, has been discovered. The source of this energy lies in the force called 'nuclear force' which operates between the constituents, protons, and neutrons of atomic nuclei. It should be observed that unlike gravitational and chemical energy, the harnessing of nuclear energy (also called atomic energy) demands deep insight and considerable progress in fundamental science as distinct from the empirical arts and crafts. The discovery and manipulation of nuclear energy has only been possible after a gruesome struggle in the acquirement of systematized knowledge and continuous scientific progress and a setup of elaborate economic system for centuries.
All matter consists of atoms. The atoms are further coagulated into molecules. All atoms consist of a central core, called the nucleus that is the heart, around which revolve the electrons, like the planets that revolve around the sun. All nuclei are built from two fundamental particles, protons and neutrons. The neutron is electrically neutral. The proton has a positive charge equal and opposite to the charge of electron. A neutron is slightly, one part in 759 --- heavier than proton which has 1836 times the mass of an electron. A neutron outside a nucleus is an unstable particle: it has a half-life of about quarter of an hour and decays into a proton and an electron.
THE ATOM
The mass number (A) of a nucleus is a number of neutrons and protons contained in it. The number of protons defines the atomic number (Z) of the nucleus. The atomic number is characteristic of an element; for example, it is 1 for Hydrogen, 38 for Strontium and 92 for Uranium. For the same element there can exist nuclei having different values of the mass number (A). They are called isotopes of the given element. A nuclear species (nuclide) is specified by assigning values for Z and A, thus Z=92, A=235, generally written as Uranium-235 (U-235). Uranium-238 contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons, making a total of 238 nucleons. A 'nucleon' stands for either a proton or a neutron. The protons and neutrons are most strongly bound in nuclei of moderate mass numbers and the binding is relatively weak in heavy as well as light nuclei. It is on this account that heavy nuclei liberate energy on fission and light nuclei on fusion.
The atoms of some elements may have the same atomic number that is the number of protons but may have different mass numbers that is different number of neutrons contained in the nuclei. For example, the atomic number of Chlorine is 17, that is the Chlorine nucleus has 17 protons. However, one Chlorine atom may have 18 neutrons to make the mass number as 35 while another Chlorine atom may have 20 neutrons to make the mass number as 37. Yet they are the atoms of Chlorine, and are called isotopes. This particular kind of variation is of interest to us in this work because the isotopes represent different states of a nucleus that is the heart of the atom. These hearts are in a way in a state of disturbance. The atomic weight is the relative weight of atom.
FISSION PROCESS
Fission means division of a nucleus into smaller nuclei. Of all the fissile materials, the Uranium-235 has been discovered as the most suitable for the fission purpose. If a Uranium nucleus is broken into two nuclei of nearly the same size, energy will be released. The process in which a heavy nucleus such as Uranium is broken into two intermediate nuclei with the release of energy is called a fission reaction or nuclear fission.
When an isotope of Uranium-235 is bombarded with the slow neutrons, fission takes place spontaneously. The neutron strikes at the heart of Uranium atom and it splits the nucleus into two approximately equal daughter nuclei, say Krypton and Barium nuclei, knocking out 2 or 3 (the average is 2.5) neutrons from the nucleus of U-235 atom. These two or three knocked out neutrons strike in turn at the heart of 2 or 3 other atoms and knock out 2 or 3 neutrons each and so on so forth the process continues. It is then said that a fission-chain-reaction is built up till the whole mass of U-235 becomes incandescent and eventually explodes with wrath, for the hearts of the atoms having been disturbed to an ultra-natural extremity, the resultant commotion has approached a limit where the natural sustenance becomes impossibility.
FUSION PROCESS
In fusion process, simply lighter nuclei are fused together. A fusion process can be realized in a variety of ways, e.g. by bombarding light elements with charged particles obtained from cyclotron and other high-energy-particle accelerators. The fusion process, however, becomes possible only at exceedingly high temperatures of the order of millions of degrees. The explosion of nuclear bomb using fission-chain-reaction develops a temperature of the requisite degree and is utilized in achieving fusion reaction in the fusion (that is hydrogen) bomb. The simplest explanation of this fusion reaction from our point of view could be that the nucleus (heart) of an atom is fused with the nucleus (heart) of another atom, and the energy is released when the two hearts are crushed together.
However, the nefarious feature of the whole matter is the radiations that are alpha, beta, gamma rays, and neutrons which are essentially emitted in the fission reaction. These radiations are undetectable by the five senses and are not only poisonous but perniciously, rather wickedly poisonous. They not only kill but they also cause leprosy, cancer, and inheritable monstrosity. These radiations make no difference whether the nuclear (atomic) energy is produced for peaceful purposes or as a weapon for war destruction. Thus a phrase like "nuclear energy for peaceful purposes" is only a misnomer and a self-deception, rather a blindness of deluded humanity. It is a contradiction in terms.
CHAPTER 2
THE HISTORY OF ATOMISM
We now produce a brief history of atomism that is atom to atomic bomb, partly for the purpose of providing the reader with some idea of the paths which atom has traversed during its long journey in twenty five centuries towards its final destination, rather first stage of the destination, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and partly to show that at the time when this warning about atom bomb was revealed by the Quran, not a vestige of such a theory as 'Atomism' remained anywhere in the world, not to speak of Arabia proper, the inhabitants whereof being entirely ignorant then and innocent of any type of Greek philosophy rather any philosophy. This fact makes the prophecy indeed more remarkable.
The theory of atomism in fact had breathed its last after a doubtful and controversial existence before the overwhelming pressure of Stoicism (an antagonistic school of thought) and the Christianity, a religion even more strongly antagonistic towards the atomism. In such circumstances, that is at a time when the theory of atomism did not even so much as exist, a prophecy about the atom bomb would seem like an arrow shot in space without any visible target. The arrow, however, was shot which travelled on its way to its target out of sight, till in fourteenth century of its travel at last struck its target in 1945, still remaining out of sight of humankind, till about sixteen years after its arrival at its destination, that is in 1961, when it was discovered by me, indeed by the Grace of Almighty Allah.
The prophecy which the Quran made about the victory and prevalence of then completely vanquished Greeks against the decisively victorious Persians was a prophecy, according to Gibbon (the famous author of 'The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire') such that nothing could be more remote from its fulfillment at a time when it was ventured by the Quran, for the circumstances at that time were in a state such as there seemed not the least probability of Greeks fighting back to defeat the Persians. Nevertheless, the Greeks not only repulsed Persian forces and drove them out of the Greek territories but went further to the throne of the Persian Emperor and forced him to accept conditions of a treaty most disgraceful to him. Thus the prophecy of the Quran about an improbability was fulfilled. This was a prophecy which was fulfilled in a very short time but on the other side of the scale is the prophecy of the Quran about the atom bomb which took more than thirteen centuries for its fulfillment. The theory of atomism lay buried since centuries, fathoms deep in obscurity when the Quran made a prophecy about its fruits that is the atomic bomb and radiations. Then centuries more elapsed in a state of humanity tending farther and farther away from the atmosphere which could be congenial to the revival of atomism but the time arrived at last when the grave of atomism was discovered by some strange chance and atomism was revived with a flurry that it gradually came to pervade every branch of science and eventually at a decisive stage took on unexpected turn and fell on a way which ultimately and again quite unexpectedly led to the production of atomic bomb. Nay, even the atomic bomb was something not quite surely predictable during all its consecutive stages of development and it was believed as a certainty only after it was tested finally. It, however, proved to be practicable and proved also its real efficacy and efficiency in the smoke-ridden ruins of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and indeed put the spirit of Christian mercy in the crucible. Was it not so? Ask Ronald Arbuthnott Knox.
THE AUTHOR OF ATOMISM
It is to Democritus (ca. 460 BCE–ca. 370 BCE) of Abdera in Thrace, Greece that the theory of atomism is attributed. He was a younger contemporary of Socrates and nicknamed as 'the laughing philosopher' because he found human life matter for laughter as against Heraclitus whom the later tradition called 'weeping philosopher' because he found in human life matter for tears. Theory of atomism is attributed to Democritus though in fact not he but Leucippus was its originator. Little is known about Leucippus except that he was a Milesian (most probably born in 'Miletus') and that he flourished about 440 B.C.
"Leucippus or Leukippos was the first Greek to develop the theory of atomism — the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms — which was elaborated in far greater detail by his pupil and successor, Democritus."
(COURTESY: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
Democritus received the credit because he was responsible for developing the system and making it known. Both Leucippus and Democritus were atheists and their atheism, due to the abhorrence it caused in the minds of the people, was largely responsible for the rejection of their theory. It is remarkable to note that when in modern times this theory of atomism was discovered and adopted, it was seen that this associated atheism be not revived along with it but somehow and very unfortunately of course, this atheism has found its way into the minds of the modern atom-ridden sceptics, although in a guise most astonishingly queer.
THE EARLY VIEWS OF THE ATOMISTS
Following are the views of the early atomists about atomism:
(a) The atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
(b) They move about in all directions in a fortuitous concourse in otherwise empty space.
(c) Atoms and space are all that exist.
(d) There are different kinds of atoms, distinguished by differences of shape, but individual atoms are too small to be noticed by the senses.
(e) The things we touch and see are made by the arrangement of atoms in groups. Change consists in nothing but their arrangements. There is no alteration in the atoms themselves.
(f) The motion of an atom persists until checked; presumably in collision with another atom since the theory itself denies any other cause.
This last is most significant of all the atomists' ideas. It foreshadows the law of inertia which states that motion needs no cause to preserve it. The cause is necessary only to produce changes of motion. If a thing is moving, it will continue to move without change of speed or direction, until something forces it to slow down, accelerate, or deviate from its path. This notion upon which Newtonian mechanics is found, is opposed to Aristotle's view that a body comes to rest unless there is something to keep it going. Once the atoms have been given a start, say the atomists, their subsequent motions are determined by invariable mechanical laws. The state of the universe depends only upon its previous state. Its future is decided by its present. Here is the philosophy of Determinism in its extreme form. The moral implications arising from the necessary denial of free will are obvious and disturbing. Unfortunately, philosophies which are the product of human mind are mostly fragmentary in form and far too limited in scope, for human knowledge itself is of a nature fragmentary, and human vision extremely limited. The philosophers see an elephant just as the legendary ten blind men of Hindustan (India) had once seen it. The interpretations, therefore, of the points of such philosophies are susceptible of many and diverse, even opposite conclusions, generally in accordance with the predisposition of the mind of the interpreters themselves. Further, such philosophies are the reflections of the disposition of the mind of their makers themselves. Aristotle's mind, in order to prove the omnipresence of the Creator and His design and order, thought it essential to subject the atom to the controlling hand of the Creator in its motion, whereas Democritus in order to show the absence of the Creator, design and control, imparted the qualities to the atom such as would prove fortuitous concourse of atoms in a world without any design or purpose. Neither Aristotle nor Democritus could see anything beyond this in the atom. In the presence of faith everything seems to one's mind as converging towards the Creator whereas in the absence thereof everything seems to be running away from Him. Many a raging storm is seen to be raised in a tea cup during discussions of these subtle philosophies. So short is man's vision that Darwin saw no harm to faith in all his philosophy as is apparent from his very genuine remonstrances. However, was his philosophy as innocent as he thought it to be in the haze of his zeal for discovery of the truth? We could discuss this very interesting topic at length but we are, I am afraid, deviating from our actual topic, the history of atomism. What pranks that imagination has not played with human mind and what part that the corrupt and selfish amongst the religious leaders have not played in driving the people away from faith and in creating disgust and hatred of religion in their hearts; and how often two persons have said the same thing without understanding each other and disputing all the same.
THE ATOMS OF DEMOCRITUS AND THE IDEAS OF PLATO
Like Plato, Democritus held the eternal and ultimate reality in the world to be the object not of senses but of the understanding but he considered the nature of this reality very differently from Plato. It consisted of atoms that is of indivisible (and, therefore, indestructible) bodies of a size too small to be detected by our senses, differing from one another in shape (whence he could call them by the same name as Plato gave to his ultimate realities of ideas or forms) moving about in a vacuum or void, though the two worlds were different.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Gabriel's Extinguishing the Atomic Hell Series by Yousuf Gabriel, Khalid Malik. Copyright © 2015 Khalid Malik. Excerpted by permission of Balboa Press.
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