Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
History and Scholarship 5
Pentecostalism in American Culture and Religious Identity 18
Rhetorical History 22
Preview of Chapters 35
Conclusion 38
2 The Touch Felt "Round the World": Pentecostal Rhetorical Invention and the Female Voice 40
Setting the Symbolic Scene 43
The Wesleyan Roots of Pentecostalism 45
Charles Finney and Revivalist Reform 50
"Common-Sense" Biblical Interpretation and National Crisis 55
The Ministry of Phoebe Palmer 58
Civil War Depression and the Hope of Revival 62
The Ministry of Charles Fox Parham 73
The Azusa Street Revival 78
The Scene is Set 87
3 Women Welcome? Discursive Tension and the Formation of the Assemblies of God 90
Conflict and Controversy 94
The Call to Organize 98
The Rights and Offices of Women 102
4 The Female Voice: Prophetic vs. Priestly Dissonance 121
The Prophetic vs. Priestly Function in the Assemblies of God 126
More Men Needed 134
Membership in the National Association of Evangelicals 135
Feminism and Cultural Accommodation 140
5 The Enemy at the Gate: Women and Evangelical Rhetoric 151
Women and the Socioeconomics of Service 154
The Apostle Paul, Feminist or Foe 159
Modernistic Influence and Rhetorical Practice 164
6 Benevolent Neglect: Overcoming Rhetorical Circumstance 168
Reframing the Message 174
The Question of Authority 182
Changing Leadership, Changing Rhetoric 186
From Benevolent Neglect to Full Empowerment for Service 198
7 What Am I Supposed to Do? Let People Go to Hell?: A Rhetoric of Empowered Women 201
A Review of Purpose 203
Contributing to Rhetorical Theory 210
Implications of the Present Study for Future Research 213
Bibliography 219