Table of Contents
List of contributing authors ix
1 Incorporating green chemistry into education Mark Benvenuto 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 This volume 2
1.2.1 The quadruple bottom line 2
1.2.2 Green chemistry in the Middle East 3
1.2.3 Virtually green chemistry 3
1.2.4 Greening the teaching lab 3
1.2.5 Surfactants versus solvents 3
1.2.6 Bio-sources and energy production 4
1.2.7 The green chemistry growth mindset 4
1.3 Summary 4
References 5
2 The quadruple bottom line: the advantages of incorporating Green Chemistry into the undergraduate chemistry major George M. Bodner 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 The Green Chemistry movement as a community of practice 8
2.3 Differentiating between Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development 8
2.4 Genesis of the Green Chemistry movement 9
2.4.1 12 principles of Green Chemistry 10
2.4.2 12 principles of Green Engineering 12
2.4.3 Implications of the use of the term "design" in the guiding principles 13
2.5 The ACS Green Chemistry Institute (ACS GCI®) 14
2.6 Green Chemistry in the classroom 16
2.6.1 Beyond benign 16
2.6.2 The Green Chemistry commitment 18
2.7 The "triple bottom line" in academics 19
2.8 Reflections on the evolution of Green Chemistry in academics 21
2.9 Why there might be a "quadruple bottom line" in academics 23
2.10 A new way of looking at "relevance" 23
References 25
3 Green chemistry education in the Middle East 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Background 30
3.2.1 Estidama 30
3.2.2 Geography 31
3.2.3 Population 31
3.2.4 Pollution and waste 31
3.2.5 Water 32
3.2.6 Economics 33
3.2.7 Organizations 33
3.2.8 Education 33
3.2.9 Academia 34
3.3 GCE contributions in the middle east 34
3.3.1 Types of green chemical educators 34
3.3.2 Organizations 34
3.3.3 Egypt 37
3.3.4 Malta 39
3.3.5 Israel 40
3.3.6 Iran 41
3.3.7 Saudi Arabia 42
3.3.8 UAE 44
3.3.9 Bahrain 45
3.3.10 Turkey 45
3.3.11 Palestine 46
3.3.12 ChemRAWN 46
3.3.13 ME outreach in GC 47
3.4 Summary 47
References 47
4 Virtually going green: The role of quantum computational chemistry in reducing pollution and toxicity in chemistry Jonathan Stevens 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Greening catalysis - enzyme design 54
4.3 Greening catalysis - "in silico" experiments 55
4.4 Toward greener solvents 57
4.5 Polymer production from CO2 emissions 58
4.6 Conclusion 62
References 62
5 Educational benefits of green chemistry Serenity Desmond Christian Ray José G. Andino Martínez 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Safety 69
5.2.1 Prevention 70
5.2.2 Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention 71
5.2.3 Less hazardous chemical syntheses/use of renewable feedstocks/reduce derivatives 71
5.3 Economic reasons 71
5.3.1 What are the costs that go into our laboratories? 72
5.3.2 What are the costs that students incur from our laboratories? 73
5.4 Educational advantages 74
5.5 Conclusions and future work 77
References 77
6 Green analytical chemistry - the use of surfactants as a replacement of organic solvents in spectroscopy Daniel Y. Pharr 79
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 General aspects of surfactants 79
6.2.1 Determination of the CMC 83
6.2.2 The Krafft and cloud points 84
6.2.3 Probing the micelle environment 85
6.2.4 Catalysis 87
6.3 How environmentally safe are they? Concerns and beneficial uses 89
6.3.1 Biodegradation 90
6.3.2 Reclamation 91
6.3.3 Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates in the environment 91
6.3.4 Perfluorooctanesulfonate in the environment 93
6.3.5 Cationic surfactants in the environment 95
6.4 Surfactants in analytical chemistry 96
6.4.1 UV-Visible spectroscopy 96
6.4.2 Cationic surfactants 97
6.4.3 Nonionic surfactants 98
6.4.4 Anionic surfactants 99
6.4.5 Fluorescence spectroscopy 99
6.4.6 Phosphorescence spectroscopy 102
6.4.7 Atomic spectroscopy 103
6.4.8 Chromatography 104
6.4.9 Micellar electrokinetic chromatography 104
6.4.10 Electrochemistry 105
6.4.11 Extractions 106
6.4.12 Titrations 107
6.4.13 Flow injection analysis 108
6.5 Conclusions 111
References 112
7 Biofuels, fossil energy ratio, and the future of energy production David Consiglio 123
7.1 Introduction 123
7.1.1 What are biofuels? 123
7.1.2 The transition to fossil fuels 124
7.1.3 Fossil carbon versus atmospheric carbon 125
7.2 Solid biofuels 125
7.3 Liquid biofuels 126
7.3.1 Gasoline substitutes 126
7.3.2 Diesel substitutes 127
7.4 Gaseous biofuels 127
7.4.1 Biomethane and methane substitutes 128
7.5 Fuel energy ratio 129
7.5.1 Energy output 129
7.5.2 Energy input 130
7.5.3 FER values 130
7.6 Problems with biofuels 131
7.7 Potential for future improvements in biofuels 132
References 133
8 Growing your green chemistry mindset Steven Kosmas 137
8.1 Introduction 137
8.2 Principle #5 Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries 138
8.3 Principle #4 Designing safer chemicals 139
8.4 Principle #12 Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention 141
8.5 Conclusions 142
References 143
Index 145
