Handbook Of Contemporary Acoustics And Its Applications

by Jun-ru Wu

Overview

Modern acoustics has blossomed rapidly in the past decades. Beginning as a branch off from the classical physics, modern acoustics has become an interdisciplinary science that has exceeded the boundaries of its origins. As a result, the demand for graduate students, professionals and specialists who need to master the knowledge of acoustics is growing quickly. The primary goal of this publication is to meet this urgent need by providing an updated, comprehensive reference book that educates readers on both fundamental concepts as well as their broader applications in the fast-moving technological world. The Handbook of Contemporary Acoustics and Its Applications systematically covers the theoretical principle and analytical methodology of generation, propagation and reception of acoustic waves in an ideal (inviscid) and non-ideal fluid media. The topics include the transduction, radiation, scattering, diffraction and reception of the acoustic wave. It also discusses the acoustic field in a duct/pipe, waveguide and cavity, the wave propagation in the multi-layers, nonlinear finite amplitude wave propagation and the mechanisms of physical and biological effects and their broad modern applications such as sonoporation, targeted drug delivery, acoustic tweezers, noninvasive high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) surgery, as well as sonoluminscence. Readers are also provided with the fundamental mathematic background and relevant references necessary for their creative inventions and applications.This handbook is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well as specialists working in relevant fields, and may be used as a textbook in courses covering acoustics.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789814651271
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	06/24/2016
Pages:	468
Product dimensions:	6.70(w) x 9.80(h) x 1.20(d)

Table of Contents

Introduction v

Preface vii

About the Author ix

Chapter 1 Acoustic Waves in an Ideal (Inviscid) Fluid 1

1.1 The Conservation Law and the Acoustic Wave Equation 1

1.1.1 The conservation law in Euler coordinates 2

1.1.2 The acoustic wave equation for a small amplitude acoustic wave 7

1.1.3 The velocity potential 10

1.2 Fundamental Properties of an Acoustic Field 10

1.2.1 The energy relation and acoustic intensity of an acoustic field 11

1.2.2 The initial and boundary conditions 13

1.2.3 Superposition principle 18

1.2.4 The time-reversal principle and time-reversed acoustics 19

1.3 The Plane Wave Expansion 20

1.3.1 Traveling plane waves in Cartesian coordinates 20

1.3.2 Angular spectrum expansion 25

1.3.3 A traveling spherical wave and its plane wave expansion 31

1.3.4 The traveling cylindrical wave and its plane wave expansion 37

1.4 Reflection and Transmission at a Plane Interface 43

1.4.1 Reflection and transmission on a plane interface of two media of different impedances 44

1.4.2 Creeping waves 51

Chapter 2 Acoustic Radiation, Diffraction and Scattering 55

2.1 Green's Functions of Acoustic Radiations and Multipole Expansion 55

2.1.1 Monopole and Green's function in the free space 56

2.1.2 Acoustic radiation of a dipole 62

2.1.3 Radiation of a quadrupole 69

2.1.4 Small volume and surface sources 73

2.2 Radiation of Cylindrical Sources 79

2.2.1 Separation variables in the cylindrical coordinates 79

2.2.2 Acoustic radiation generated by a vibrating cylinder in the free space 87

2.2.3 Expansion of Green's function in the free space using cylindrical-functions 91

2.2.4 Green's function when a rigid cylinder is present 95

2.3 Radiation of the Spherical Sources 99

2.3.1 Separation variables of the wave equation in spherical coordinates 99

2.3.2 Acoustic radiation generated by a spherical vibrator 107

2.3.3 Expansion of Green's function in the free space using spherical-functions 117

2.4 Scattering from Cylinders and Spheres 120

2.4.1 The plane wave scattering from an infinitely long cylinder 120

2.4.2 The plane wave scattering from a sphere 127

2.5 Radiation of a Circular Piston Mounted on a Baffle 137

2.5.1 Circular rigid pistons 139

2.5.2 Radiation impedance of a circular rigid piston 143

2.6 Diffraction of Ultrasound Beam and Diffractionless Waves 147

2.6.1 Ultrasound of a finite beam width and Gaussian beams 147

2.6.2 Nondiffraction Bessel-function ultrasound beam 153

2.6.3 Nondiffraction Airy-function ultrasound beam 154

Chapter 3 Propagation and Transduction of Acoustic Waves in a Dissipative Fluid 159

3.1 Acoustic Wave Equation in a Nonideal Fluid 159

3.1.1 Constituent equations of a viscous fluid 160

3.1.2 Acoustic wave equation in a viscous fluid 164

3.1.3 Isothermal and adiabatic speeds of sound 170

3.1.4 Energy conservation 171

3.1.5 Boundary conditions 173

3.2 Propagation of Acoustic Waves in a Dissipative Medium 175

3.2.1 Plane waves in an infinite and dissipative medium 175

3.2.2 Scattering from a sphere in a dissipative medium 178

3.3 Effects of Viscosity on Acoustic Radiation 179

3.3.1 Multipole expansion in a viscous medium 179

3.3.2 Plane acoustic sources 182

3.3.3 Spherical and cylindrical sound sources 187

3.4 Sound Propagation in a Viscid Fluid and a Biological Medium 191

3.4.1 Classical absorption 191

3.4.2 Theory of molecular relaxation absorption 193

3.4.3 Theory of viscoelasticity 197

3.4.4 Absorption in biological media 198

3.4.5 Kramers-Kronig relations 199

Chapter 4 Acoustic Field in a Cavity 201

4.1 Theory of Eigen-Modes 201

4.1.1 The eigen-modes of a cavity with rigid walls 201

4.1.2 The eigen-modes of a cavity with walls of acoustic impedance 206

4.1.3 Frequency-domain solutions of acoustic wave equation of a cavity with walls of acoustic impedance 211

4.1.4 Time-domain solutions of acoustic wave equation of a cavity with walls of acoustic impedance 214

4.1.5 Coupling between the acoustic field and cavity walls' vibration 219

4.2 Eigen-Modes of a Regular Cavity 224

4.2.1 Rigid cavities of the rectangular shape 224

4.2.2 Cavities of the rectangular shape with impedance-walls 232

4.2.3 Spherical cavities with rigid and impedance-walls 234

4.2.4 Resonance bubble in a liquid 238

4.2.5 Resonance bubble of the high order modes and surface waves 241

4.2.6 Biological virus and bacterium cells as spherical resonators 242

4.2.7 Cylindrical cavities with rigid and impedance-walls 243

Chapter 5 The Finite-Amplitude Acoustic Wave 249

5.1 Finite Amplitude Plane Acoustic Waves in an Inviscid Medium 249

5.1.1 Distortion with the propagation of a finite amplitude traveling waves and the formation of a shock wave 250

5.1.2 Analysis of harmonic spectrum for a distorted traveling wave 257

5.2 Finite Amplitude Acoustic Waves in a Dissipative Medium 261

5.2.1 The perturbation expansion for nonlinear equations 262

5.2.2 Finite amplitude traveling waves in ID 270

5.2.3 The Burgers' equation and its Fay solution 274

5.2.4 Finite amplitude spherical and cylindrical waves 278

5.2.5 The second-order approximation of Westervelt equation 283

5.2.6 The oblate spheroidal coordinates for solving the Westervelt equation 285

5.2.7 Burgers' equation of ID 289

5.3 Finite Amplitude Acoustic Waves in a Dispersive Medium 289

5.3.1 Finite amplitude plane waves in a relaxation medium 289

5.3.2 Nonlinear behavior of a liquid containing uniform bubbles 297

5.4 Propagation of an Acoustic Beam with Finite Amplitude 303

5.4.1 The KZK equation 303

5.4.2 Nonlinear Gaussian beams 305

Chapter 6 Effects and Applications of Finite Amplitude Acoustic Waves 307

6.1 Acoustic Radiation and Levitation Force 308

6.1.1 Acoustic radiation force/pressure 308

6.1.2 Levitation of a small rigid sphere 310

6.1.3 Acoustic tweezers 318

6.1.4 Shear wave elastic imaging 319

6.2 Theory of Acoustic Streaming 321

6.2.1 Eckart's theory 321

6.2.2 Nyborg's theory 329

6.2.3 Acoustic streaming near planes 332

6.2.4 Acoustic streaming near a small sphere 337

6.2.5 Acoustic streaming near a vibrating encapsulated microbubble 343

6.2.6 Acoustic streaming promoting diffusion process 343

6.3 Acoustic Cavitation and Its Effects 346

6.3.1 Acoustic cavitation nuclei in a liquid and cavitation threshold 346

6.3.2 Oscillations of a bubble in an incompressible liquid 349

6.3.3 Encapsulated microbubbles' oscillation under ultrasound excitation 354

6.3.4 Sonoporation and targeted drug delivery 355

6.3.5 Acoustic tweezing cytometry for live cell subcellular mechanical modulation 357

6.3.6 Blood-Brain barrier disruption 358

6.3.7 Ballast water treatment 359

6.3.8 Single bubble sonoluminescence 360

6.4 Thermal Effects and Noninvasive Surgery (HIFU) 363

6.4.1 Temperature rise due to absorption 364

6.4.2 A nonlinear Gaussian beam model used for temperature rise calculations 369

6.4.3 Thermal dose calculation - cumulative equivalent minutes (CEM) 372

Chapter 7 Elastic Waves Propagating in a Thin Solid Plate/Film and Their Applications 375

7.1 Lamb Waves and Its Applications 375

7.1.1 The dispersion equations of Lamb waves in a plate bordered with inviscid thin liquid layers 375

7.1.2 Piezoelectric vibrational energy harvesters 380

7.1.3 A phononic crystal based acoustic sieve using bending waves 388

7.2 Rayleigh Surface Waves (SAWs) and Its Applications 391

7.2.1 Dispersion equations of Rayleigh surface waves 392

7.2.2 SAW-Graphene interactions and its application in sensing 393

7.2.3 The SAW microfluidic device used for sonoporation 394

7.3 Ultrasonic Wave Spectroscopy 398

7.3.1 Measurement of longitudinal wave velocity and attenuation as function of frequency 398

7.3.2 Measurement of shear wave velocity and attenuation as function of frequency 400

Chapter 8 Doublet Mechanics and Acoustics for Discrete Media 403

8.1 The Framework of DM 404

5.1 Dispersion of Longitudinal Waves 407

8.1 Dispersion of Shear Waves 409

8.2 The Dispersion-Attenuation Model 410

8.4.1 Longitudinal waves and the van Hove singularity 411

8.4.2 Shear Waves and the van Hove Singularities 414

8.5 Applications of DM to Detect Tissue Pathological Changes in Elastic Properties 416

References 419

Appendix A Acoustic Relevant Parameters 425

Appendix B Mathematic Background Review 427

B.1 Some Mathematic Functions 427

B.2 Basic Vector Operations 432

B.3 Differential Representation of a Vector 432

B.4 Integral Presentation of Vectors 434

Appendix C Strain-Stress Relation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 435

C.1 Cylindrical Coordinates 435

C.2 Spherical Coordinates 436

Appendix D Operational Formulas of Tensors 437

D.1 Vector-Tensor Relation 437

D.2 Tensor Operations 437

D.3 Tensor Representations of the Operator V 438

D.4 Differential Representation of Tensors 438

D.5 Integral Representation of Tensors 439

Appendix E Some Integral Theorems 441

E.1 Gauss's Theorem 441

E.2 Green's Theorem 441

Appendix F Some Useful Thermodynamics Formulas 443

F.1 The First Law 443

F.2 The Second Law 443

F.3 The Ideal Gas 444

Index 445