Human Capital Investment: A History of Asian Immigrants and Their Family Ties

by Harriet Duleep, Mark C. Regets, Seth Sanders, Phanindra V. Wunnava

Overview

In 1965, a family-reunification policy for admitting immigrants to the United States replaced a system that chose immigrants based on their national origin. With this change, a 40-year hiatus in Asian immigration ended. Today, over three-quarters of US immigrants originate from Asia and Latin America. Two issues that dominate discussions of US immigration policy are the progress of post-reform immigrants and their contributions to the US economy.

This book focuses on the earnings and human capital investment of Asian immigrants to the US after 1965. In addition, it provides a primer on studying immigrant economic assimilation, by explaining economists’ methodology to measure immigrant earnings growth and the challenges with this approach. The book also illustrates strategies to more fully use census data such as how to measure family income and how to use “panel data” that is embedded in the census.

The book is a historical study as well as an extremely timely work from a policy angle. The passage of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act set the United States apart among economically developed countries due to the weight given to family unification. Based on analyses by economists—which suggest that the quality of immigrants to the US fell after the 1965 law—policymakers have called for fundamental changes in the US system to align it with the immigration systems of other countries. This book offers an alternative view point by proposing a richer model that incorporates investments in human capital by immigrants and their families. It challenges the conventional model in three ways: First, it views the decline in immigrants’ entry earnings after 1965 as due to investment in human capital, not to permanently lower “quality.” Second, it adds human capital investment and earnings growth after entry to the model. And finally, by taking investments by family members into account, it challenges the policy recommendation that immigrants should be selected for their occupational qualifications rather than family connections.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9783030470821
Publisher:	Springer International Publishing
Publication date:	02/11/2021
Edition description:	1st ed. 2020
Pages:	270
Product dimensions:	5.83(w) x 8.27(h) x (d)

About the Author

Harriet Duleep is Research Professor of Public Policy at the College of William and Mary, USA. She is also a Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor and the Global Labour Organization.

Mark C. Regets is Senior Fellow at the National Foundation for American Policy, USA. He is also a Research Fellow at the Institute for Labor Economics and the Global Labour Organization.

Seth Sanders is Professor of Economics at Cornell University, USA. He is also a Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor. He was previously the Director of the Duke University Population Research Center.

Phanindra V. Wunnava is David K. Smith '42 Chair in Applied Economics at Middlebury College, USA. He is also a Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor and the Global Labour Organization.

Table of Contents

• Introduction: Background and Overview
• What Caused the Decline in Immigrant Entry Earnings?
• The Immigrant Human Capital Investment Model
• Methodological Implications of a Human Capital Investment Perspective
• The Earnings Growth of Asian versus European Immigrants
• The Earnings Profiles of Immigrant Men in Specific Asian Groups
• Modeling the Effect of a Factor Associated with Low Skill Transferability: Family Admissions and Immigrant Earnings Profiles
• Human Capital Investment
• Permanence and the Propensity to Invest
• Family Income
• Exploring Conventional Explanations for the High Labor Force Participation of Women in the Asian Developing-Country Groups
• Husbands and Wives: Work Decisions in a Family Investment Model
• Following Cohorts of Married Immigrant Women
• Unpaid Family Labor
• Beyond the Immediate Family
• Entry Earnings, Earnings Growth, and Human Capital Investment: The 1985-90 and 1995-2000 Cohorts
• The Impact of Refugee Status
• The Earnings and Human Capital Investment of South East Asian Refugees: The 1975-1980 Cohort
• The Economic Status of Married Refugee Women from South East Asia: The 1975-1980 Cohort
• Refugee Entrants from South East Asia a Decade after the War: The 1985-1990 Cohort
• A Longer Perspective on Initial Conditions and Immigrant Adjustment
• Concluding Remarks

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

“The authors attack forcefully an established myth in the US based immigration literature, namely that post-1965 immigrants were of low quality since they came at a time with a policy focus on family unification. They make us aware of the huge impact family investments have had among their studied Asian immigrants on high school attendance rates and other human capital improvements generating the most upwardly mobile among American workers. It seems that the migration history of that period has to be re-written.” (Klaus F. Zimmermann, President Global Labor Organization, Bonn University and UNU-MERIT, Maastricht)

“Overturning received wisdom on an important policy issue is a rare feat. This book, by leading scholars, manages just that beautifully and convincingly on immigration policy. It will become an instant classic.” (Jagdish Bhagwati, University Professor, Columbia University, Author of In Defense of Globalization (Oxford))

“Human Capital Investment exposes the substantial upward mobility of U.S. immigrants from Asia. Through meticulous data analysis, the authors reveal robust earnings growth for Asian immigrants and refugees by including initial earnings and those who are not working, in school and self-employed. These findings — together with those presented in a new volume of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science: Refugee and Immigrant Integration: The Promise of Local Action (July 2020) — have much to offer to scholars and policy makers seriously concerned about immigrant and refugee integration.” (Katharine M. Donato, Donald G. Herzberg Professor of International Migration, and Director of the Institute for the Study of International Migration, at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service)