Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning / Edition 1

by Hirofumi Akagi, Edson Hirokazu Watanabe, Mauricio Aredes

Overview

Expert coverage of instantaneous active and reactive power theory and its related applications to Power Conditioning

This book, Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning, presents a deep review of various power theories, and shows how the instantaneous active and reactive power theory provides an important basic knowledge for understanding and designing active filters for power conditioning. These filters are very important to mitigate harmonic pollution due to the widely used nonlinear loads both in home appliances and in industry. The only book of its kind, Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning also demonstrates how the instantaneous active and reactive power theory can be used for combined shunt-series filters and in Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS).

Written by leading experts in this groundbreaking technology, Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning features coverage of:

• Shunt active filters with different filter structures
• Series active filters, including hybrid configurations of active and passive filters
• Combined series and shunt power conditioners, including the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) and the unified power flow controller (UPFC)

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470107614
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	03/09/2007
Series:	IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering Series , #31
Edition description:	Older Edition
Pages:	379
Product dimensions:	6.48(w) x 9.49(h) x 0.98(d)

About the Author

Hirofumi Akagi is a Professor in the department of electrical and electronic engineering at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. His research interest includes power conversion systems and its applications to industry, transportation, and utility. He has authored and coauthored some 120 IEEE Transactions papers and two invited papers published in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2001 and 2005. He was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 1996, a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Power Electronics and Industry Applications Societies for 1998-1999. He received six IEEE Transactions prize paper awards, and 15 IEEE Industry Applications Society Committee prize paper awards. He is the recipient of the 2001 IEEE Power Electronics William E. Newell Award, the 2004 IEEE Industry Applications Society Outstanding Achievement Award, the 2008 IEEE Richard H. Kaufmann Technical Field Award, and the 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society Nari Hingorani Custom Power Award. Dr. Akagi served as the President of the IEEE Power Electronics Society for 2007-2008. Since January 2015, he has been serving as the IEEE Division II Director.

Edson Hirokazu Watanabe is a Professor at COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, where he teaches Power Electronics. His main fields of interests are converters analysis, modeling and design, active filters and FACTS technologies. Dr. Watanabe has more than 50 journal papers and more than 200 conference papers. He is a member of the IEE-Japan, The Brazilian Society for Automatic Control, The Brazilian Power Electronics Society, CIGRE and Power Engineering, Industry Applications and Power Electronics Societies of IEEE. In 2005, he was admitted to the National Order of Scientific Merit, Brazil. In 2013, he received the IEEE Power & Energy Society Nari Hingorani FACTS Award and became member of the National (Brazil) Academy of Engineering and in 2015 he was elected a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

Mauricio Aredes received the B.Sc. degree from UFF - Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro State in 1984, the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from UFRJ - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1991, and the Dr.-Ing. degree (summa cum laude) from Technische Universität Berlin in 1996. In 1997, he became an Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, where he teaches Power Electronics. His main research area includes HVDC and FACTS systems, active filters, Custom Power, Renewable Energy Systems, and Power Quality Issues.

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Table of Contents

Preface     xiii
Introduction     1
Concepts and Evolution of Electric Power Theory     2
Applications of the p-q Theory to Power Electronics Equipment     4
Harmonic Voltages in Power Systems     5
Identified and Unidentified Harmonic-Producing Loads     7
Harmonic Current and Voltage Sources     8
Basic Principles of Harmonic Compensation     11
Basic Principles of Power Flow Control     14
References     17
Electric Power Definitions: Background     19
Power Definitions Under Sinusoidal Conditions     20
Voltage and Current Phasors and the Complex Impedance     22
Complex Power and Power Factor     24
Concepts of Power Under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions-Conventional Approaches     25
Power Definitions by Budeanu     25
Power Tetrahedron and Distortion Factor     28
Power Definitions by Fryze     30
Electric Power in Three-Phase Systems     31
Classifications of Three-Phase Systems     31
Power in Balanced Three-Phase Systems     34
Power in Three-Phase Unbalanced Systems     36
Summary     37
References     38
The InstantaneousPower Theory     41
Basis of the p-q Theory     42
Historical Background of the p-q Theory     42
The Clarke Transformation     43
Calculation of Voltage and Current Vectors when Zero-Sequence Components are Excluded     45
Three-Phase Instantaneous Active Power in Terms of Clarke Components     47
The Instantaneous Powers of the p-q Theory     48
The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Three-Wire Systems     49
Comparisons with the Conventional Theory     53
Example #1-Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents     53
Example #2-Balanced Voltages and Capacitive Loads     54
Example #3-Sinusoidal Balanced Voltage and Nonlinear Load     55
Use of the p-q Theory for Shunt Current Compensation     59
Examples of Appearance of Hidden Currents     64
Presence of the Fifth Harmonic in Load Current     64
Presence of the Seventh Harmonic in Load Current     67
The Dual p-q Theory     68
The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems     71
The Zero-Sequence Power in a Three-Phase Sinusoidal Voltage Source     72
Presence of Negative-Sequence Components     74
General Case-Including Distortions and Imbalances in the Voltages and in the Currents      75
Physical Meanings of the Instantaneous Real, Imaginary, and Zero-Sequence Powers     79
Avoiding the Clarke Transformation in the p-q Theory     80
Modified p-q Theory     82
Instantaneous abc Theory     87
Active and Nonactive Current Calculation by Means of a Minimization Method     89
Generalized Fryze Currents Minimization Method     94
Comparisons between the p-q Theory and the abc Theory     98
Selection of Power Components to be Compensated     101
Summary     102
References     104
Shunt Active Filters     109
General Description of Shunt Active Filters     111
PWM Converters for Shunt Active Filters     112
Active Filter Controllers     113
Three-Phase, Three-Wire Shunt Active Filters     116
Active Filters for Constant Power Compensation     118
Active Filters for Sinusoidal Current Control     134
Positive-Sequence Voltage Detector     138
Main Circuit of the Voltage Detector     138
Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) Circuit     141
Simulation Results     145
Active Filters for Current Minimization     145
Active Filters for Harmonic Damping     150
Shunt Active Filter Based on Voltage Detection     151
Active Filter Controller Based on Voltage Detection     152
An Application Case of Active Filter for Harmonic Damping     157
The Power Distribution Line for the Test Case     158
The Active Filter for Damping of Harmonic Propagation     159
Experimental Results     160
Adjust of the Active Filter Gain     168
A Digital Controller     173
System Configuration of the Digital Controller     174
Operating Principle of PLL and PWM Units     175
Sampling Operation in the A/D Unit     177
Current Control Methods     178
Modeling of Digital Current Control     178
Proportional Control     179
Deadbeat Control     180
Frequency Response of Current Control     181
Three-Phase, Four-Wire Shunt Active Filters     182
Converter Topologies for Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems     183
Dynamic Hysteresis-Band Current Controller     184
Active Filter Dc Voltage Regulator     186
Optimal Power Flow Conditions     187
Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy     189
Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy     192
Performance Analysis and Parameter Optimization     195
Influence of the System Parameters     195
Dynamic Response of the Shunt Active Filter     196
Economical Aspects     201
Experimental Results     203
Shunt Selective Harmonic Compensation     208
Summary     216
References     217
Hybrid and Series Active Filters     221
Basic Series Active Filter     221
Combined Series Active Filter and Shunt Passive Filter     223
Example of An Experimental System     226
Compensation Principle     226
Source Harmonic Current I[subscript Sh]     228
Output Voltage of Series Active Filter: V[subscript c]     229
Shunt Passive Filter Harmonic Voltage: V[subscript Fh]     229
Filtering Characteristics     230
Harmonic Current Flowing From the Load to the Source     230
Harmonic Current Flowing from the Source to the Shunt Passive Filter     231
Control Circuit     231
Filter to Suppress Switching Ripples     233
Experimental Results     234
Some Remarks about the Hybrid Filters     237
Series Active Filter Integrated with a Double-Series Diode Rectifier     238
The First-Generation Control Circuit     241
Circuit Configuration and Delay Time     241
Stability of the Active Filter     242
The Second-Generation Control Circuit     244
Stability Analysis and Characteristics Comparison     246
Transfer Function of the Control Circuits     246
Characteristics Comparisons     247
Design of a Switching-Ripple Filter     248
Design Principle     248
Effect on the System Stability     250
Experimental Testing     251
Experimental Results     252
Comparisons Between Hybrid and Pure Active Filters     253
Low-Voltage Transformerless Hybrid Active Filter     255
Low-Voltage Transformerless Pure Shunt Active Filter     258
Comparisons Through Simulation Results     259
Conclusions     261
References     262
Combined Series and Shunt Power Conditioners     265
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)     267
FACTS and UPFC Principles     268
Voltage Regulation Principle     269
Power Flow Control Principle     270
A Controller Design for the UPFC     274
UPFC Approach Using a Shunt Multipulse Converter      281
Six-Pulse Converter     282
Quasi 24-Pulse Converter     286
Control of Active and Reactive Power in Multipulse Converters     288
Shunt Multipulse Converter Controller     290
The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)     293
General Description of the UPQC     294
A Three-phase, Four-Wire UPQC     297
Power Circuit of the UPQC     297
The UPQC Controller     299
PWM Voltage Control with Minor Feedback Control Loop     300
Series Active Filter Controller     301
Integration of the Series and Shunt Active Filter Controllers     305
General Aspects     307
Analysis of the UPQC Dynamic     308
Optimizing the Power System Parameters     309
Optimizing the Parameters in the Control Systems     311
Simulation Results     312
Experimental Results     320
The UPQC Combined with Passive Filters (Hybrid UPQC)     326
Controller of the Hybrid UPQC     331
Experimental Results     337
The Universal Active Power Line Conditioner (UPLC)     343
General Description of the UPLC     344
The Controller of the UPLC      347
Controller for the Configuration #2 of UPLC     355
Performance of the UPLC     355
Normalized System Parameters     355
Simulation Results of Configuration #1 of UPLC     360
Simulation Results of Configuration #2 of UPLC     368
General Aspects     370
Summary     371
References     371
Index     375