Table of Contents
Tables, Figures, and Boxes ix
Preface xi
Acronyms xv
Chapter 1 What Is "Intelligence"? 1
Why Have Intelligence Agencies? 2
What Is Intelligence About? 5
Key Terms 10
Further Readings 10
Chapter 2 The Development of U.S. Intelligence 13
Major Themes 13
Major Historical Developments 22
Key Terms 37
Further Readings 37
Chapter 3 The U.S. Intelligence Community 41
Alternative Ways of Looking at the Intelligence Community 46
The Many Different Intelligence Communities 48
Intelligence Community Relationships That Matter 62
The Intelligence Budget Process 66
Key Terms 71
Further Readings 71
Chapter 4 The Intelligence Process-A Macro Look: Who Does What for Whom? 73
Requirements 74
Collection 79
Processing and Exploitation 79
Analysis and Production 80
Dissemination and Consumption 82
Feedback 84
Thinking About the Intelligence Process 84
Key Terms 87
Further Readings 87
Chapter 5 Collection and the Collection Disciplines 89
Overarching Themes 89
Strengths and Weaknesses 110
Conclusion 154
Key Terms 157
Further Readings 157
Chapter 6 Analysis 163
Major Themes 164
Analytical Issues 182
Intelligence Analysis: An Assessment 208
Key Terms 212
Further Readings 212
Chapter 7 Counterintelligence 217
Internal Safeguards 219
External Indicators and Counterespionage 228
Problems in Counterintelligence 230
Leaks 234
Economic Espionage 242
National Security Letters 242
Conclusion 243
Key Terms 244
Further Readings 244
Chapter 8 Covert Action 249
The Decision-Making Process 250
The Range of Covert Actions 255
Issues in Covert Action 260
Assessing Covert Action 271
Key Terms 272
Further Readings 272
Chapter 9 The Role of the Policy Maker 275
The U.S. National Security Policy Process 275
Who Wants What? 280
The Intelligence Process: Policy And Intelligence 286
Key Term 298
Further Readings 298
Chapter 10 Oversight and Accountability 301
Executive Oversight Issues 302
Congressional Oversight 308
Issues in Congressional Oversight 319
Internal Dynamics of Congressional Oversight 330
The Courts 338
Conclusion 342
Key Terms 342
Further Readings 343
Chapter 11 The Intelligence Agenda: Nation-States 347
The Primacy of the Soviet Issue 348
The Emphasis on Soviet Military Capabilities 351
The Emphasis on Statistical Intelligence 354
The "Comfort" of a Bilateral Relationship 355
Collapse of the Soviet Union 356
Intelligence and the Soviet Problem 357
The Current Nation-State Issue 359
Key Terms 371
Further Readings 371
Chapter 12 The Intelligence Agenda: Transnational Issues 373
U.S. National Security Policy and Intelligence After the Cold War 373
Intelligence and the New Priorities 375
Cyberspace 376
Terrorism 389
Proliferation 402
Health Issues 411
Climate Change 413
Narcotics 415
Economics and Energy 417
Demographics 421
Support to the Military 422
Conclusion 424
Key Terms 425
Further Readings 425
Chapter 13 Ethical and Moral Issues in Intelligence 433
General Moral Questions 433
Issues Related to Collection and Covert Action 439
Analysis-Related Issues 446
Oversight-Related Issues 449
Whistle-Blowers 452
The Media 452
Conclusion 454
Further Readings 454
Chapter 14 Intelligence Reform 457
The Purpose of Reform 457
Issues in Intelligence Reform 460
Conclusion 478
Key Terms 479
Further Readings 479
Chapter 15 Foreign Intelligence Services 481
Britain 481
China 491
France 497
Israel 503
Russia 511
Other Services 521
Other Services in Brief 539
Conclusion 548
Further Readings 548
Appendix 1 Additional Bibliographic Citations and Websites 559
Appendix 2 Major Intelligence Reviews or Proposals 565
Author Index 569
Subject Index 575
