Table of Contents
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
What Is an IO? 3
Brief History and Evolution 5
Range of IO Goals 7
Why Do States Create IOs? 7
Conclusion 10
Chapter 2 Intellectual Context: The Evolution of IO Theory 13
1930s-1970s 14
1970s-1990s: Realism, Neorealism 16
Flavors of Institutionalism 17
1990s-Present: Contemporary Issues and Debates 20
Conclusion 27
Chapter 3 United Nations 35
Birth of the UN 36
The UN Charter and Main Organs 39
The Larger UN Family 47
UN Evolution 49
Post-Cold War and Beyond 53
UN and Human Rights 54
Peacekeeping and Peace Operations 58
Scholarly Evaluation of Peacekeeping 65
Conclusion 66
Chapter 4 United Nations Case Study: Rwanda/Genocide 71
What Happened 71
The Aftermath 75
What Went Wrong? 76
Conclusion 80
Chapter 5 The World Bank 83
Birth of the Bank 84
Evolution 91
The Last Decade 101
Perspectives on the Bank 104
Conclusion 105
Chapter 6 World Bank Case Study: Environmental Behavior and Performance 111
Environment and Development 112
How Might Bank Activities Impact the Environment? 115
Evolution of Bank's Environmental Activities, Politics, Behavior 117
Some Quasi-Internal Critiques 124
External Views and Debates 125
Conclusion 126
Chapter 7 The International Monetary Fund 131
The IMF's Mandate at Birth 133
IMF Membership and Governance 136
Major Turning Points in the IMF's History 137
Perspectives on the IMF 147
Conclusion 149
Chapter 8 International Monetary Fund Case Study: The IMF and the Global Financial Crisis 151
What Sparked the Crisis? 152
September 2008: The Crisis Erupts 154
Enter the IMF 156
Evaluation of Responses and Activities 163
Conclusion 164
Chapter 9 The World Trade Organization 169
Open Markets, Protected Markets 172
The GATT 174
WTO Birth, Governance, Dispute Settlement 179
Evolution 183
Looking Ahead 187
Perspectives on the WTO 188
Conclusion 189
Chapter 10 World Trade Organization Case Study: Intellectual Property, Trade, and Access to Medicine 193
Trade and Pharmaceuticals 196
November 2001 Doha Declaration and 2003 Cancun Agreement 199
Evaluating the Doha Declaration 199
Important Initiatives outside of the WTO 200
Other Current Issues of WTO, Health, and Trade 201
Perspectives on WTO, Intellectual Property, and Global Health Governance 203
Conclusion 204
Chapter 11 Regional Organizations/European Union 207
Overview of Regional Organizations 208
Debates about Regionals 211
The European Union 212
Economic and Monetary Union/Euro Crisis 220
Perspectives on the EU 223
Conclusion 224
Chapter 12 Regional Organizations Case Study: African Union Peace Operations 227
From the Old OAU to the New AU 229
The Peace and Security Council 230
Relationship between PSC and the UN Security Council 231
PSC's Major Peace Operations 232
Evaluation 234
Conclusion 234
Notes 237
Index 265
About the Author 287
