Introduction to CMOS OP-AMPs and Comparators / Edition 1 available in Hardcover
Introduction to CMOS OP-AMPs and Comparators / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 0471317780
- ISBN-13:
- 9780471317784
- Pub. Date:
- 02/26/1999
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Introduction to CMOS OP-AMPs and Comparators / Edition 1
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Overview
This volume is a comprehensive text that offers a detailed treatment of the analysis and design principles of two of the most important components of analog metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits, namely operational amplifiers (op-amps) and comparators. The book covers the physical operation of these components, their design procedures, and applications to analog MOS circuits-particularly those involving switched-capacitor circuits, and analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. Roubik Gregorian, a leading authority in the field, gives circuit designers the technical knowledge they need to design high-performance op-amps and comparators suitable for most analog circuit applications. In this self-contained treatment, which is loosely based on his well-received 1986 book, Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing (coauthored with Gabor C. Temes), Gregorian reviews the required basics before advancing to state-of-the-art topics and problem-solving techniques. This valuable guide:
* Clearly explains configuration and performance limitation issues affecting the operation of CMOS op-amps and comparators
* Details advanced design procedures to improve performance
* Provides practical design examples suitable for a broad range of analog circuit applications
* Incorporates hundreds of illustrations into the text
* Concludes each chapter with problems and references to advanced topics, useful in textbook adoptions
Introduction to CMOS Op-Amps and Comparators is invaluable for analog and mixed-signal designers, for senior and graduate students in electrical engineering, and for anyone who would like to keep up with this essential technology.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780471317784 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Wiley |
| Publication date: | 02/26/1999 |
| Pages: | 376 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.38(w) x 9.63(h) x 0.89(d) |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
PREFACE
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) and comparators are two of the most intricate, and in many ways the most important, building blocks of an analog circuit. These components are used in such devices as switched-capacitor filters, analog-to-digital (A/ D) and digital-to-analog (D/ A) converters, amplifiers, modulators, rectifiers, peak detectors, and so on. The performance of op-amps and comparators usually limits the high-frequency application and dynamic range of the overall circuit. Without a thorough understanding of the operation and basic limitation of these components, the circuit designer cannot determine or even predict the actual response of the overall system. Hence this book gives a fairly detailed explanation of the overall configurations and performance limitations of op-amps and comparators exclusively in CMOS technology. While the scaling properties of the very large scale integration (VLSI) processes have resulted in denser and higher-performance digital circuits, they have also changed the design techniques used for CMOS analog circuits. There-fore, the main purpose of these discussions is to illustrate the most important principles underlying the specific circuits and design procedures. Nevertheless, the treatment is detailed enough to enable the reader to design high-performance CMOS op-amps and comparators suitable for most analog circuit applications.
The main emphasis of this book is on physical operation and design process. It has been written as a unified text dealing with the analysis and design of CMOS op-amps and comparators. It is intended for classroom adoption to be used as a senior or graduate-level text in the electrical engineering curriculum of universities and also as training and reference material for industrial circuit designers. To increase the usefulness of the book as a text for classroom teaching, numerous problems are included at the end of each chapter; these problems may be used for homework assignments. To enhance its value as a design reference, tables and numerical design examples are included to clarify the step-by-step processes involved. The first two chapters provide a concise, basic-level, and (I hope) clear description of analog MOS integrated circuits and the necessary background in semiconductor device physics. The remainder of the book is devoted to the design of CMOS op-amps and comparators and to the practical problems encountered and their solutions. The book also includes two introductory chapters on the applications of op-amps and comparators in A/ D and D/ A converters. For a more detailed discussion on the important subject of data converters, readers are referred to the Principles of Data Conversion System Design by Behzad Rezavi, and Delta-Sigma Data Converters: Theory, Design and Simulation by Steven R. Norsworthy, Richard Schreier, and Gabor C. Temes.
This book is based in part on a previous book I coauthored with Gabor C. Temes, titled Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing. The original material has been augmented by the latest developments in the area of analog MOS integrated circuits, in particular op-amps and comparators. Most of the material and concepts originated from the publications cited at the end of each chapter as well as from many practicing engineers who worked with me over the years.
Since the original book evolved from a set of lecture notes written for short courses, the organization of the material was therefore influenced by the need to make the presentation suitable for audiences of widely varying backgrounds. Hence I tried to make the book reasonably self-contained, and the presentation is at the simplest level afforded by the topics discussed. Only a limited amount of preparation was assumed on the part of the reader: mathematics on the junior level, and one or two introductory-level courses in electronics and semiconductor physics are the minimum requirements.
The book contains eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides a basic introduction to digital and analog signal processing, followed by several representative examples of circuits and systems utilizing CMOS op-amps and comparators. This material can be covered in one lecture (two-hour lectures are assumed here and throughout the preface).
In Chapter 2 the physics of MOS devices is described briefly and linearized models of MOSFETs, as well as MOS capacitors and switches are discussed. The technology used to fabricate CMOS devices is also discussed briefly. Once again, depending on the background of the audience, two or three lectures should suffice to cover the content of this chapter.
Chapter 3 covers some of the basic subcircuits commonly utilized in analog MOS integrated circuits. These subcircuits are typically combined to synthesize a more complex circuit function. Complete coverage of all topics of this chapter requires about three lectures.
In Chapter 4 circuit design techniques for realizing CMOS operational amplifiers are discussed. The most common circuit configurations, as well as their design and limitations, are included. Full coverage of all topics in this chapter requires about four lectures.
In Chapter 5 the principles of CMOS comparator design are discussed. First the single-ended auto-zeroing comparator is examined, followed by simple and multistage differential comparators, regenerative comparators, and fully differential comparators. Two lectures should be sufficient for complete coverage of this chapter.
Chapters 6 and 7, which cover CMOS digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters, serve as practical application examples of op-amps and comparators. The fundamentals and performance metrics of the data converters are presented first, followed by a discussion of popular architectures of Nyquist-rate converters. Digital-to- analog converters are divided into voltage, charge, and current scaling types. Analog-to-digital converters include high-speed flash, medium-speed successive-approximation, and low-speed serial converters. Complete coverage of all topics may require three to four lectures.
In Chapter 8 the design principles presented in Chapter 4 and 5 are employed to work out several design examples to acquaint the reader with the problems and trade-offs involved in op-amp and comparator designs. Practical considerations such as dc biasing, systematic offset voltage, and power supply noise are discussed in some detail. All topics in this chapter can be covered in three lectures; if the detailed discussion in Sections 8.2 and 8.3 is condensed, the material can be presented in two lectures.
Thus, depending on the depth of the presentation, full coverage of all material in the book may require as many as 20 two-hour lectures or as few as 16. I am grateful to many people who have helped me directly or indirectly in the elaborate and sometimes overwhelming task of publishing this book. In particular, I would like to thank my colleagues Drs. S. C. Fan, B. Fotouhi, B. Ghaderi, and G. C. Temes, who read and criticized versions of the manuscript. Their comments have been most helpful and are greatly appreciated. Most of the difficult typing task was done by Ms. W. Irwin and D. Baker. I am grateful for their excellent and painstaking help. Last, but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my family for graciously suffering neglect during the writing of this book. Without their understanding and support this work would not have been possible.
ROUBIK GREGORIAN
Saratoga, California
January 1999
Table of Contents
MOS Devices as Circuit Elements.Basic Analog CMOS Subcircuits.
CMOS Operational Amplifier.
Comparators.
Digital-to-Analog Converters.
Analog-to-Digital Converters.
Practical Considerations and Design Examples.
Index.
Preface
ROUBIK GREGORIAN
ISBN: 0-471-31778-0
PREFACE
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) and comparators are two of the most intricate, and in many ways the most important, building blocks of an analog circuit. These components are used in such devices as switched-capacitor filters, analog-to-digital (A/ D) and digital-to-analog (D/ A) converters, amplifiers, modulators, rectifiers, peak detectors, and so on. The performance of op-amps and comparators usually limits the high-frequency application and dynamic range of the overall circuit. Without a thorough understanding of the operation and basic limitation of these components, the circuit designer cannot determine or even predict the actual response of the overall system. Hence this book gives a fairly detailed explanation of the overall configurations and performance limitations of op-amps and comparators exclusively in CMOS technology. While the scaling properties of the very large scale integration (VLSI) processes have resulted in denser and higher-performance digital circuits, they have also changed the design techniques used for CMOS analog circuits. There-fore, the main purpose of these discussions is to illustrate the most important principles underlying the specific circuits and design procedures. Nevertheless, the treatment is detailed enough to enable the reader to design high-performance CMOS op-amps and comparators suitable for most analog circuit applications.
The main emphasis of this book is on physical operation and design process. It has been written as a unified text dealing with the analysis and design of CMOS op-amps and comparators. It is intended for classroom adoption to be used as a senior or graduate-level text in the electrical engineering curriculum of universities and also as training and reference material for industrial circuit designers. To increase the usefulness of the book as a text for classroom teaching, numerous problems are included at the end of each chapter; these problems may be used for homework assignments. To enhance its value as a design reference, tables and numerical design examples are included to clarify the step-by-step processes involved. The first two chapters provide a concise, basic-level, and (I hope) clear description of analog MOS integrated circuits and the necessary background in semiconductor device physics. The remainder of the book is devoted to the design of CMOS op-amps and comparators and to the practical problems encountered and their solutions. The book also includes two introductory chapters on the applications of op-amps and comparators in A/ D and D/ A converters. For a more detailed discussion on the important subject of data converters, readers are referred to the Principles of Data Conversion System Design by Behzad Rezavi, and Delta-Sigma Data Converters: Theory, Design and Simulation by Steven R. Norsworthy, Richard Schreier, and Gabor C. Temes.
This book is based in part on a previous book I coauthored with Gabor C. Temes, titled Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing. The original material has been augmented by the latest developments in the area of analog MOS integrated circuits, in particular op-amps and comparators. Most of the material and concepts originated from the publications cited at the end of each chapter as well as from many practicing engineers who worked with me over the years.
Since the original book evolved from a set of lecture notes written for short courses, the organization of the material was therefore influenced by the need to make the presentation suitable for audiences of widely varying backgrounds. Hence I tried to make the book reasonably self-contained, and the presentation is at the simplest level afforded by the topics discussed. Only a limited amount of preparation was assumed on the part of the reader: mathematics on the junior level, and one or two introductory-level courses in electronics and semiconductor physics are the minimum requirements.
The book contains eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides a basic introduction to digital and analog signal processing, followed by several representative examples of circuits and systems utilizing CMOS op-amps and comparators. This material can be covered in one lecture (two-hour lectures are assumed here and throughout the preface).
In Chapter 2 the physics of MOS devices is described briefly and linearized models of MOSFETs, as well as MOS capacitors and switches are discussed. The technology used to fabricate CMOS devices is also discussed briefly. Once again, depending on the background of the audience, two or three lectures should suffice to cover the content of this chapter.
Chapter 3 covers some of the basic subcircuits commonly utilized in analog MOS integrated circuits. These subcircuits are typically combined to synthesize a more complex circuit function. Complete coverage of all topics of this chapter requires about three lectures.
In Chapter 4 circuit design techniques for realizing CMOS operational amplifiers are discussed. The most common circuit configurations, as well as their design and limitations, are included. Full coverage of all topics in this chapter requires about four lectures.
In Chapter 5 the principles of CMOS comparator design are discussed. First the single-ended auto-zeroing comparator is examined, followed by simple and multistage differential comparators, regenerative comparators, and fully differential comparators. Two lectures should be sufficient for complete coverage of this chapter.
Chapters 6 and 7, which cover CMOS digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters, serve as practical application examples of op-amps and comparators. The fundamentals and performance metrics of the data converters are presented first, followed by a discussion of popular architectures of Nyquist-rate converters. Digital-to- analog converters are divided into voltage, charge, and current scaling types. Analog-to-digital converters include high-speed flash, medium-speed successive-approximation, and low-speed serial converters. Complete coverage of all topics may require three to four lectures.
In Chapter 8 the design principles presented in Chapter 4 and 5 are employed to work out several design examples to acquaint the reader with the problems and trade-offs involved in op-amp and comparator designs. Practical considerations such as dc biasing, systematic offset voltage, and power supply noise are discussed in some detail. All topics in this chapter can be covered in three lectures; if the detailed discussion in Sections 8.2 and 8.3 is condensed, the material can be presented in two lectures.
Thus, depending on the depth of the presentation, full coverage of all material in the book may require as many as 20 two-hour lectures or as few as 16. I am grateful to many people who have helped me directly or indirectly in the elaborate and sometimes overwhelming task of publishing this book. In particular, I would like to thank my colleagues Drs. S. C. Fan, B. Fotouhi, B. Ghaderi, and G. C. Temes, who read and criticized versions of the manuscript. Their comments have been most helpful and are greatly appreciated. Most of the difficult typing task was done by Ms. W. Irwin and D. Baker. I am grateful for their excellent and painstaking help. Last, but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my family for graciously suffering neglect during the writing of this book. Without their understanding and support this work would not have been possible.
ROUBIK GREGORIAN
Saratoga, California
January 1999