Table of Contents
Prologue 3
1 Early Camps 23
A Bloody Spring and Summer 26
Coordination 45
Open Terror 63
2 The SS Camp System 79
A Permanent Exception 83
The Camp SS 100
Prisoner Worlds 118
3 Expansion 136
Social Outsiders 139
Forced Labor 157
Jews 171
4 War 190
The Camp SS at War 191
Road to Perdition 209
Scales of Suffering 225
5 Mass Extermination 240
Killing the Weak 242
Executing Soviet POWs 258
Murderous Utopias 274
6 Holocaust 289
Auschwitz and the Nazi Final Solution 291
Factories of Death 312
Genocide and the KL System 318
7 Anus Mundi 338
Jewish Prisoners in the East 342
SS Routines 360
Plunder and Corruption 376
8 Economics and Extermination 392
Oswald Pohl and the WVHA 393
Slave Labor 410
"Guinea Pigs" 427
9 Camps Unbound 444
In Extremis 447
Satellite Camps 464
The Outside World 479
10 Impossible Choices 497
Coerced Communities 499
Kapos 512
Defiance 527
11 Death or Freedom 542
The Beginning of the End 545
Apocalypse 560
The Final Weeks 576
Epilogue 595
Appendix: Tables
Table 1 Daily Inmate Numbers in the SS Concentration Camps, 1934-45 627
Table 2 Prisoner Deaths in SS Concentration Camps 628
Table 3 SS Ranks, with Army Equivalents 629
Notes 631
Sources 779
Acknowledgments 827
Index 831
List of Maps
Map 1 Early Camps in Berlin (by District), 1933 37
Map 2 SS Concentration Camps, Summer 1935 95
Map 3 SS Concentration Camps, September 1, 1939 187
Map 4 SS Concentration Camps (Main Camps), Summer 1944 326
Map 5 The Auschwitz KL Complex, c. 1944 341
Map 6 Buchenwald and Its Satellite Camps, Autumn 1944 466
Map 7 The Evacuation of Auschwitz (Main Routes), Early 1945 555