Table of Contents
Acknowledgements v
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Language regulation as a complex phenomenon 4
1.2 Defining ELF 11
1.2.1 Language users in their own right 13
1.2.2 Similar to dialect contact 14
1.3 English in Finnish higher education 15
1.4 Structure of the book 18
2 Language regulation 20
2.1 Norms of language 20
2.1.1 Language norms as social norms 21
2.1.2 Related concepts 24
2.1.3 Normative beliefs vs. behaviour 25
2.1.4 Common vs. normative 27
2.2 Language regulation as the negotiation of living norms 29
2.2.1 Defining language regulation 30
2.2.2 Prescriptive vs. living norms 35
2.2.3 Concept of community of practice 40
2.2.4 Norms and accommodation 45
2.3 Summary 49
3 Previous research on ELF and language regulation 50
3.1 ELF attitude studies 56
3.2 Descriptive ELF studies related to language regulation 60
3.3 Studies on academic ELF 63
3.4 Studies on language regulation in different languages and in L1-L2 interaction 66
3.5 Summary 69
4 Exploring an academic ELF setting in Finland: the research site and methodology 71
4.1 Research site 72
4.2 Research questions 74
4.3 Methodological framework: two dimensions of language regulation 75
4.3.1 The data 80
4.3.2 Methods of analysis 94
4.4 Summary 103
5 Language-regulatory practices 105
5.1 Language expert roles: who regulates language? 106
5.2 Kinds of regulation 112
5.2.1 Importance of mode: interactional commenting of speech vs. written texts 113
5.2.2 Scope of correctness: interventions relevant for determining "correctness" 127
5.2.3 Broader scope of acceptability: tacit regulation 139
5.2.4 Summary of the findings regarding kinds of regulation 175
5.3 Summary 177
6 Interview accounts: perceptions of English and its regulation 180
6.1 Language expert roles in student and teacher accounts 182
6.1.1 Students' reliance on L1-based language expertise 183
6.1.2 Teachers' responsibility to act as language experts? 193
6.2 Orientation to regulation in student and teacher accounts 202
6.2.1 Students' reported experiences of ELF vs. normative beliefs 203
6.2.2 Teachers' reports of regulating for the purpose of use 215
6.3 English instructors' views of lowering the standards for English 220
6.4 Summary 227
7 Comparisons: the construction of living norms 232
7.1 Comparative analysis 233
7.1.1 Ideologies for comparison 234
7.1.2 Comparisons of the findings 237
7.2 Living norms: alternatives to ENL norms and standards 243
7.3 Summary 246
8 Conclusions and implications 248
8.1 Summary and relevance of the findings 248
8.1.1 Regulation in the study event interaction 248
8.1.2 Regulatory views 250
8.1.3 Comparisons and the negotiation of living norms 252
8.1.4 Evaluation of the study 253
8.2 Implications of the findings 255
8.2.1 Theoretical implications 255
8.2.2 Methodological implications 258
8.2.3 Practical implications 259
8.3 The way ahead 265
Appendices 268
Appendix A Transcription conventions 268
Appendix B Interview guides 269
Appendix C Clock face activity 282
Appendix D Interview transcriptions in Finnish 284
References 294
Index 315
