Managing Breeds for a Secure Future: Strategies for Breeders and Breed Associations
420
Managing Breeds for a Secure Future: Strategies for Breeders and Breed Associations
420Hardcover(Third edition)
-
PICK UP IN STORECheck Availability at Nearby Stores
Available within 2 business hours
Related collections and offers
Overview
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781789181647 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | 5m Publishing |
| Publication date: | 02/20/2022 |
| Edition description: | Third edition |
| Pages: | 420 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.75(w) x 9.50(h) x 1.20(d) |
About the Author
D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM, PhD, is Professor of Pathology and Genetics at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine located at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. He has worked worldwide on breed conservation. His goal is to achieve programs that function well in the cultural settings in which they serve.
Jeannette Beranger is Senior Program Manager for The Livestock Conservancy. Her fieldwork has been pivotal and inspirational to both new comers and old hands within the conservation community. Her extensive background in zookeeping has given her sharp observational skills, including an eye for breed type. Her photography has made an especially significant contribution to The Livestock Conservancy's educational efforts.
Alison Martin, PhD, is the Executive Director of The Livestock Conservancy. Her significant experience of both personnel management and the poultry industry combine to bring together people and science. The resulting combination achieves meaningful conservation of livestock and poultry genetic resources.
Charlene Couch, PhD, is a Senior Program Manager for The Livestock Conservancy. She grew up on a small farm in western North Carolina with horses, beef cattle, goats, and chickens. Her doctoral degree is in Zoology with a biotechnology minor. Charlene has a keen interest in conservation of genetic diversity in livestock. She currently keeps horses and Dominique chickens.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 How to Use This Book 2
1.2 What Is a Breed? 4
1.3 Genetic Character of Breeds 6
1.4 Why Breeds Are Important 9
1.5 Sustaining Breeds over Time 12
2 Breed Basics 16
2.1 How Breeds Form 16
2.2 Classes of Breeds 18
2.2.1 Landraces 19
2.2.2 Standardized Breeds 24
2.2.3 Modern "Type" and "Designer" Breeds 28
2.2.4 Industrial Strains 29
2.2.5 Feral Populations 31
2.2.6 Dog Breeds 33
2.2.7 Poultry Breeds 34
2.2.8 Summary 34
2.3 How Breeds Are Lost 36
3 Breeds as Gene Pools: Variability and Predictability 39
3.1 Standardized Breeds 40
3.2 Landraces 43
3.3 Subgroups within a Breed: Bloodlines, Strains, and Varieties 46
3.4 Gene Flow into and out of Breeds 51
3.4.1 Upgrading and What It Does 53
3.4.2 Upgrading and Bloodlines 61
4 Defining an Individual Breed 64
4.1 Which Animals to Include 64
4.2 One Breed or Two 74
4.3 Breed Histories 77
4.4 Geography and Source Herds 78
4.5 Recovery of Purebred Animals into Registries 80
4.5.1 Native on Appearance 82
5 Breed Standards 84
5.1 Breed Type 84
5.2 Different Sorts of Breed Standards 87
5.3 Breed Type Reproduces Breed Type 92
5.4 Developing a Breed Standard 93
5.5 Breed Standards and Genetic Diversity 94
5.6 Breed Standards and Breed Loss 97
5.7 Standard Traits That Can Be Detrimental 98
5.8 Qualitative and Quantitative Traits 99
5.9 Changes to the Breed Standard 100
6 Principles of Genetic Management 102
6.1 Linebreeding and Inbreeding 103
6.2 Outcrossing: Crossbreeding and Linecrossing 107
6.3 Defining Matings as "Related" or "Unrelated" 109
6.4 Linebreeding or Outcrossing: Which Is Best? 112
6.5 Rational Crossbreeding 119
7 Selection as a Genetic Management Tool 122
7.1 Degree of Selection 125
7.2 Selection and Breed-Specific Traits 127
7.3 Genetic Drift 129
7.4 Single Gene Traits 130
7.5 Polygenic Traits 134
8 Evaluating Individual Animals 136
8.1 Competitive Shows 137
8.2 Card Grading 139
8.3 Non-Competitive Exhibition 141
8.4 Performance Testing 142
8.4.1 Adaptation 144
8.4.2 Temperament and Behavior 148
8.4.3 Longevity 150
8.4.4 Comprehensive Strategies 151
9 Practical Aspects of Genetic Management 153
9.1 Selection of Animals for Reproduction 153
9.2 Pairing of Animals within Purebred Breeds 154
9.3 Strategic Selection of Specific Mates 159
9.4 Strategic Use of Coefficients of Inbreeding 160
9.5 Use of Estimated Breeding Values 161
9.6 Breeding Goals for Various Sorts of Breeders 162
9.7 Poultry Breeds and Breeders 163
10 Assisted Reproduction Techniques 166
10.1 Artificial Insemination 166
10.2 Embryo Transfer 170
10.3 In Vitro Fertilization 171
10.4 Cloning 171
10.5 Cryopreservation 172
10.5.1 Selection of Samples and Numbers to Conserve 174
10.5.2 Sampling Standardized Breeds 176
10.5.3 Sampling Landraces 176
10.5.4 Sampling Feral Populations 177
11 Animal Identification 178
12 Population Analysis 183
12.1 Census 184
12.1.1 Numbers of Animals 185
12.1.2 Monitoring Bloodlines, Strains, and Families 189
12.1.3 Monitoring Health Issues 190
12.2 DNA Analysis 193
12.2.1 DNA: Microsatellites 194
12.2.2 DNA: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) 201
12.2.3 DNA: Mitochondria 202
12.2.4 DNA: Y Chromosomes 203
12.2.5 Other Uses of DNA Technology 203
12.3 Pedigree-Based Analyses 206
12.3.1 Pedigree-Based Inbreeding Coefficients 206
12.3.2 Pedigree-Based Kinship Levels 207
12.3.3 Foundation Bloodline Analysis 207
12.3.4 Popular (or Rare) Sires (or Dams) 209
12.4 Summary 210
13 Maintaining Breeds for Long-Term Success 212
13.1 Genetic Bottlenecks 212
13.2 Monitoring Effective Population Size 214
13.3 Generation Interval 217
13.4 Inbreeding and Loss of Diversity 220
13.5 Monitoring Inbreeding 222
13.6 Inbreeding within Individual Herds 223
13.7 Inbreeding within Breeds 224
13.8 Combining Linebreeding and Linecrossing 227
13.9 Inbreeding and Linebreeding to Expand Rare Genetics 228
13.10 Managing Contributions of Individual Animals 230
14 Specific Plans for Maintenance Breeding 235
14.1 "Regular" Conservation Breeding 235
14.2 Variations on "Regular" Conservation Breeding 240
14.2.1 Strategies for Tracking Animals to Manage Bloodlines 241
14.2.2 Small Populations with Single Males 242
14.2.3 Managing Populations Where Males Have Long Careers 242
14.3 Species Considerations for Conservation Breeding 244
14.3.1 Sheep and Goats 244
14.3.2 Swine 246
14.3.3 Rabbits 246
14.3.4 Poultry 246
14.3.5 Horses and Donkeys 247
14.3.6 Dogs 248
14.4 Rotational Breeding or Spiral Breeding 248
14.5 Poultry Plans (except Geese!) 252
14.5.1 The Felch Method 255
14.5.2 Sequential Rotation of Male Poultry 257
14.5.3 Only Two Lines Available: Poultry, Swine, and Rabbits 257
14.5.4 "Double Mating" of Poultry 257
14.6 Trio Breeding Plan for Rabbits and Others 258
15 Rescuing Small Populations: General Aspects 261
15.1 General Guiding Principles 263
15.2 Subdivision of Populations 267
15.3 Species-Specific Considerations 268
16 Specific Plans for Rescue Breeding 270
16.1 One Male, Several Females 271
16.1.1 Jericho Goats 275
16.2 One Male, Several Females, Some Inbreeding Depression 277
16.2.1 Palmer-Dunn Pineywoods Cattle 280
16.3 Multiple Males, Multiple Females, All Variably Inbred 281
16.3.1 Randall Lineback Cattle 283
16.4 One Male, Multiple Herds of Females 285
16.4.1 Criollo Macabeo Cattle 287
16.5 One Large Herd with Satellite Populations 288
16.5.1 Marsh Tacky Horses 290
16.6 Breeds with Multiple Rare Bloodlines 291
16.6.1 Choctaw/Cherokee/Huasteca Horses 291
16.6.2 Rare Strain Pineywoods Cattle 293
16.6.3 Java Chickens 294
16.7 Too Few Animals for Stand-Alone Conservation 297
16.7.1 Eggerton Myotonic Goats 298
16.8 Single Animal of Conservation Interest 298
16.8.1 Glendhu Leicester Longwool Sheep 300
16.9 Frozen Semen Available from Historic Stores 302
16.9.1 Shorthorn Cattle 302
16.10 Managing a Genetic Defect 304
16.10.1 Akhal-Teke Naked Foal Syndrome 304
17 Putting the Lessons Together: Dexter Cattle 306
18 External Factors Affecting Breeds 315
18.1 Market Demand 315
18.2 Crossbreeding 320
18.3 Regulations 322
18.4 Imports 324
18.4.1 Imports That Contribute Substantially to Conservation Efforts 325
18.4.2 Imports That Enhance American Bloodlines 329
18.4.3 Imports That Hamper Conservation in the Country of Origin 329
18.4.4 Imports That Endanger American Bloodlines and Breeds 329
18.4.5 Assessment of Importations 336
19 General Principles for Breed Associations 337
19.1 Purposes of Associations 339
19.2 Membership 340
19.3 Breed Associations for Endangered Breeds 341
19.4 Communication 341
19.5 Multiple Breed Associations 343
19.6 Codes of Ethics 346
19.7 Educational Programs 346
19.8 Research 347
19.9 Recruiting and Training New Breeders 348
19.10 Breed Promotion 350
19.11 Breed Sale Events 351
19.12 Assuring Continuity 352
20 Practical Details of Breed Associations 354
20.1 Forms of Association 354
20.1.1 Private Associations 354
20.1.2 Unincorporated Associations 356
20.1.3 Incorporated Associations 357
20.2 Bylaws 358
20.3 Board of Directors 359
20.3.1 Directors and Officers 360
20.4 Networks of Breed Associations 360
20.5 Promoting the Association 362
20.6 Association Responsibilities 362
20.6.1 Conservation Responsibilities 363
20.6.2 Reporting Pedigree Information 363
20.6.3 Reporting Breed Health Status 365
20.6.4 Reporting Measures of Genetic Diversity 365
20.6.5 Programs to Save Herds in Peril 365
20.6.6 Development of Long-Range Conservation Plans 366
20.6.7 Dispelling False Rumors Quickly 367
20.7 Conflict of Interest 367
20.8 Local and Regional Groups 368
21 Registry 369
21.1 Registration 369
21.2 Pedigrees 370
21.3 Pedigree Recording Systems 373
21.4 Litter Recording 374
21.5 Stud Reports 375
21.6 Selective Recording Systems 375
21.7 Registrations Are Important 376
21.8 Closed Herd Book Registries 377
21.9 Open Herd Book Registries 379
21.10 Registration of Crossbreds and Paxtbreds 381
21.11 Registration for Extensively Raised Landraces 383
21.12 Starting a Registry 384
22 Breeder Responsibilities 386
22.1 Master Breeders 388
22.2 Breeds, Breeders, Associations, and the Future 392
Appendices
Appendix 1 Phenotypic Matrix for Colonial Spanish Horses 394
Appendix 2 A Protocol for Bloodline Analysis 397
Appendix 3 A Protocol for Assessing Popular Sires or Dams 399
Appendix 4 Sample Bylaws 401
Index 408