Marijuana: A Reference Handbook

by David E. Newton

Overview

This single-volume resource provides sound, up-to-date information and authoritative resources for research on the controversial topics of the use of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes and the effects of marijuana use on society.

The use of marijuana has consistently been a highly controversial, polarizing, and emotional topic, so much so that social, cultural, and religious factors have largely influenced public opinion, legislation, and law enforcement's treatment of marijuana use. At the same time, much of the scientific information about the plant has largely been ignored in the policies and practices of the United States over the past 100 years.

Marijuana: A Reference Handbook provides detailed coverage of the history and background of marijuana use in society, with special emphasis on the present day in the United States. It outlines the development of federal and state legislation with respect to marijuana use over the last century, focusing on changes that are taking place in the second decade of the 21st century, and examines the pros and cons of the use of marijuana for a variety of purposes. The book presents readers with unbiased, research-based information about the effects, benefits, and risks of marijuana use. Readers will also learn about the role of hemp across human history and about very recent legislative action on the use of marijuana for both recreational purposes and medical use.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781440850516
Publisher:	Bloomsbury Academic
Publication date:	01/16/2017
Series:	Contemporary World Issues
Edition description:	Revised
Pages:	392
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.88(d)

About the Author

David E. Newton, EdD, has been a freelance writer of nonfiction books and ancillary materials for young adults for nearly 55 years. He has published more than 400 textbooks, research manuals, trade books, encyclopedias, and encyclopedia articles as well as lab manuals, problems books, and other educational materials.

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xix

1 Background and History 3

Introduction 3

What Is Cannabis Sativa? 4

Hemp versus Marijuana 10

The Cannabis Plant in History 12

Cannabis in China 12

Cannabis in India and Central Asia 17

Cannabis in Africa (and Beyond) 21

Cannabis in Europe 23

Cannabis in North America 29

Industrial Hemp in the United States 38

Industrial Hemp Worldwide 41

Conclusion 42

References 42

2 Problems, Issues, and Solutions 53

History of Cannabis Prohibition 54

Prohibitions on Cannabis: Ancient Cultures 55

International Concerns, 1910-1925 56

Prohibition of Cannabis: The United States 58

Cannabis Legislation in the States 62

Federal Cannabis Laws 63

State Marijuana Laws 80

Patterns of Marijuana Use in the United States 82

Attitudes about Marijuana Use 86

Current Controversies about Marijuana Use 87

Legalization and Decriminalization of Marijuana 88

Arguments in Favor of Decriminalization or Legalization 89

Arguments in Opposition to Decriminalization or Legalization 99

Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Uses 105

Arguments in Favor of Legalizing Medical Marijuana 105

Arguments in Opposition to Legalizing Medical Marijuana 109

Current Status of Medical Marijuana in the United States 110

Legalization of Recreational Marijuana 112

Resistance to Legalization 115

Conclusion 116

References 117

3 Perspectives 133

Introduction 133

Marijuana Is Not Safe and Is Not Medicine: Peter Be winger 133

The Waiting Game: Mary Jane Borden 138

An Effective Public Health Approach to Reduce Marijuana Use: Robert L. DuPont 141

Government Research Support and Marijuana Legalization Brightens the Spotlight on the Endocannabinoid System: Rachele Hendricks-Sturrup 147

Medical Marijuana: A Perspective: Arthur Livermore 151

Lies and Deception: The Origins of Today's Federal Marijuana Policy: Duane Ludwig 158

The Threat of Big Marijuana: Clara MacCarald 162

Is Marijuana Medicine? The Answer Is Yes, No, and Maybe: Kevin A. Sabet 166

Common Sense Marijuana Policy Revisited: Douglas McVay 170

4 Profiles 177

Introduction 177

Americans for Sale Access 177

Harry J. Anslinger (1892-1975) 180

Steve DeAngelo (1958- ) 183

Lyster Hoxie Dewey (1865-1944) 185

Drug Free America Foundation, Inc. 186

Drug Policy Alliance 189

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 191

Barney Frank (1940-) 194

Jon Gettman (1957-) 196

Hemp Industries Association 198

John W. Huffman (1932- ) 201

International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines 204

Marijuana Policy Project 206

Raphael Mechoulam (1930- ) 208

Tod Hiro Mikuriya (1933-2007) 211

Ethan Nadelmann (1957-) 214

National Institute on Drug Abuse 216

National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) 218

Office of National Drug Control Policy 219

William B. O'Shaughnessy (1809-1889) 222

Raymond P. Shafer (1917-2006) 225

Keith Stroup (1943- ) 227

UN Office on Drugs and Crime 230

U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 232

5 Data and Documents 237

Introduction 237

Data 237

Table 5.1 Marijuana Use by Persons Aged 12 Years and Older in the United States, 2002-2014, Past Month 237

Table 5.2 Marijuana Use by Persons Aged 12 Years and Older in the United States, 2002-2014, Past Year 238

Table 5.3 Marijuana Arrests 1980-2014 239

Table 5.4 Marijuana Use by U.S. High School Students by Gender, Ethnicity, and Grade Level, 2013 240

Table 5.5 2014 Domestic U.S. Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program Statistical Report, 10 Largest States 241

Table 5.6 Attitudes and Practices Concerning Marijuana among U.S. 12th Graders, 1975-2015 241

Documents 243

Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1895) 243

Marihuana Tax Act (1937) 246

The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York (1944) 247

Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6 (1969) 248

Controlled Substances Act (1970) 251

In the Matter of Marijuana Medical Rescheduling Petition (1988) 257

Interpretation of Listing of "Tetrahydrocannabinols" in Schedule I. 21 CFR Part 1308 [DEA-204] RIN 1117-AA55 (2001) 259

Hemp Industries Association, et al. v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 333 F.3d 1082 (2003) 261

Gonzales, Attorney General, et al. v. Raich et al., 545 U.S. 1 (2005) 263

Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment (2005) 266

FDA Statement on Health Effects of Marijuana (2006) 268

Memorandum for All United States Attorneys (2013) 270

Legitimacy of Industrial Hemp Research (2014) 272

Coats v. Dish Network (Colorado Supreme Court Case No. 13SC394) (2015) 274

United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana, and Lynette Shaw (2015) 275

6 Annotated Bibliography 279

Books 280

Articles 289

Reports 300

Internet 306

7 Chronology 323

Glossary 337

Index 343

About the Author 371

Editorial Reviews

With additional profiles of important persons and organizations, updated resources for further research, and an amplified selection of primary materials, the second edition remains an excellent companion for those needing a primer on this controversial and rapidly changing topic. Summing Up: Recommended. High school through undergraduate students; general readers; professionals/practitioners.” —Choice

“Compact 'all in one' reference information without highly charged political commentary.” —Library Jourbanal

“This reference work presents unbiased information and provides essential material for students researching this topic for reports or personal knowledge. Recommended.” —School Library Connection

From the Publisher

07/01/2017
These recently updated handbooks respectively cover the current legal status of marijuana use and changes in the public perception of the drug and the legal issues pertaining to same-sex marriages. Newton (Youth Substance Abuse; Sex and Gender) has many textbooks to his credit and writes in a crisp, readable style. Like other volumes in the series, these titles both begin with "Background and History" and include sections such as "Problems, Issues and Solutions," "Perspectives," "Profiles," and "Data and Documents" as well as a time line and a glossary. "Perspectives" presents three- to five-page-long articles from contributors with a variety of viewpoints. Though much of the historical content remains the same as in the first editions, both works reflect new material (for instance, Same-Sex Marriage discusses the landmark Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges). VERDICT Compact "all in one" reference information without highly charged political commentary.

Library Journal